Psychology of False Confessions

Psychology of False Confessions

Forty Years of Science and Practice

Gudjonsson, Gisli H.

John Wiley and Sons Ltd

06/2018

552

Mole

Inglês

9781119315674

15 a 20 dias

666

Descrição não disponível.
About the Author xv


Series Preface xvii


Preface xxi


Acknowledgements xxv


Icelandic Names xxvii


Introduction 1


A Brief Review of my Cases on Disputed Confessions (1980-2016) 3


The Structure and Content of the Book 4


The Gudmundur and Geirfinnur Cases 6


Part I: The Emerging Science and Practice 9


1 An Era of Enquiry and Development 11


My Early Research on Lie Detection 13


The Sunday Times Experiment 18


British Psychological Society Committees on Lie Detection 20


Onward and Upward 22


Conclusions 24


2 The Impact of Real?]Life Cases on Legal Changes, Police Practice, and Science 27


The Confait Case 28


The Guildford Four 31


The Birmingham Six 35


The Tottenham Three (Engin Raghip) 37


The Case of Judith Ward 38


The Cardiff Three (Stephen Miller) 39


The PEACE Model of Interviewing 45


Summary and Conclusions 48


3 Interrogative Suggestibility 51


The Experimental Approach 52


The Individual Differences Approach 54


The Gudjonsson and Clark Model 59


Conclusions 61


4 The Psychology of False Confessions: The Theories 63


Definitions of False Confession 64


An Early Conceptual Framework 64


The Kassin and Wrightsman Threefold Classification 66


Critique of the Kassin-Wrightsman Classification 68


Key Components That Elicit and Facilitate the Internalization Process 73


Memory Distrust Syndrome 74


The Five Sequential Steps 77


Immediate Versus Delayed Suggestibility 81


A Heuristic Model of Internalized False Confessions 82


Conclusions 85


5 The Development of the Science: The Evidence Base 87


Brief Summary of Theoretical Developments 88


Landmark Early Studies on Police Interrogation 97


False Confessions in Miscarriages of Justice Research 99


Rate of Interrogation, Base Rate of Guilt, and False Confessions 103


Type of Offence Falsely Confessed To 108


Reasons Given for the False Confession 110


`I'd Know a False Confession if I Saw One' 113


Risk Factors 114


Situational Risk Factors 117


Personal Risk Factors 124


The Psychological Effects of Interrogation 134


Conclusions 134


Part II: The Gudmundur and Geirfinnur Cases 139


6 Icelandic Society in the 1970s 141


Brief History and Landscape 141


The Constitution and Government 144


The Police 145


The Courts 148


Prisons 149


Drug Abuse Problems and Smuggling 150


Media Frenzy 152


Homicide in Iceland 153


Conclusions 157


7 The Keflavik Investigation and the First Confession 159


The Investigation and Principal Characters 160


The Disappearance of Geirfinnur Einarsson 162


The Keflavik Investigation Into Geirfinnur's Disappearance 163


The First Confession to Geirfinnur's Disappearance 170


Conclusions 174


8 The Confessions in the Gudmundur Einarsson Case 177


The Post and Telecommunication Fraud 178


The Disappearance of Gudmundur Einarsson 182


The Gudmundur Einarsson Investigation 184


The Confessions to Gudmundur Einarsson's Murder 186


Thematic Analysis of the Successive Accounts 205


The Supreme Court's Version of the Facts in the Gudmundur Einarsson Case 208


9 The Confessions in the Geirfinnur Einarsson Case 211


The Prosecution Request for the Keflavik Papers 212


Confessions Obtained by the Reykjavik Team 217


The Reykjavik Task Force 225


Key Task Force Statements 229


Gudjon's Arrest and Subsequent Interrogations 234


Thematic Analysis of the Successive Accounts 238


The Keflavik Slipway Re?]enactment 240


The Overlap with Gudmundur Agnarsson's `False' Confession 241


The Press Conference: The Official Version of What Happened 243


The Convictions 247


Conclusions 249


10 Misguiding Force 253


Karl Schuetz's Professional Background 254


The Spiegel Investigation 254


The Murder of Four Soldiers in Lebach 255


The Baader?]Meinhof Group 256


Appointed to the Case 258


Camera Shy 260


The Cartoons and Legal Action 261


The `Indian Technique' 262


Schuetz's Foreword to his Book Kleinstadtmoerder: Spur 1081 262


The Der Spiegel 1979 Article 264


Personal Impression of Karl Schuetz 266


Conclusions 266


11 The Return of the Gudmundur and Geirfinnur Cases 269


Helga Arnardottir's Telephone Call and the Diaries 269


Meeting With Helga and Kristin 271


The Content of the Diaries 272


The Filming 276


A Call From the Minister of the Interior 276


Conclusions 277


12 The Findings From the Working Group, Special Prosecutor, and Icelandic Court Cases Review Commission 279


The Working Group 282


The General Findings of the Working Group 287


The Findings From the Psychological Evaluation 289


The Testimony in the Reykjavik District Court 291


The Findings of the Icelandic Court Cases Review Commission 298


Ragnar Adalsteinsson's Letter to the Special Prosecutor 325


Conclusions 326


Part III: A Psychological Analysis of the Confessions of the Six Convicted Persons 329


13 Did Saevar Ciesielski Have Undiagnosed ADHD? 331


Salient Points 331


Saevar's Interrogation 332


Retractions 333


Karl Schuetz's View of Saevar 334


Saevar's Speech Before the District Court 335


Breidavik 335


Breidavik's Public Enquiry 337


Yes, Saevar Did Have Undiagnosed ADHD 338


Evidence Supportive of ADHD During Childhood and Adolescence 340


The Pretrial Psychological/Psychiatric Evaluation 344


The Impact of Saevar's ADHD on His Functioning During the Cases 345


Was Saevar Coerced to Implicate Innocent People? 347


The `Real?]Life' Lie Detector Test 349


Conclusions 352


14 Erla Bolladottir - A Vulnerable Young Woman 355


Salient Points 355


The Relationship with Saevar 358


Erla's Interrogation 360


Erla's Attempts to Retract Her Confessions 364


The Pretrial Psychiatric Evaluation 364


Karl Schuetz's View of Erla 366


Erla's Interview for the Working Group 367


Models of Erla's Confessions 368


Conclusions 371


15 Kristjan Vidarsson's Memory Distrust Syndrome and Confession 375


Salient Points 375


Kristjan's Interrogation and Confinement 376


Kristjan's Mental State in Solitary Confinement 377


Retractions 378


Karl Schuetz's View of Kristjan 379


The Pretrial Evaluation 379


Kristjan's Interview for the Working Group 380


A Heuristic Model of Kristjan's Confession 381


Conclusions 383


16 Tryggvi Leifsson's Memory Distrust Syndrome and Confession 385


Salient Points 385


History of False Confession? 386


Evidence for Memory Distrust Syndrome 387


Tryggvi's interrogation and confession 387


Tryggvi's Diaries 393


Did Tryggvi Have ADHD? 394


A Heuristic Model of Tryggvi's Confession 395


Conclusions 398


An interview with Tryggvi's widow and daughter 400


17 Gudjon Skarphedinsson's Memory Distrust Syndrome and Confession 405


Salient Points 405


Deterioration in Mental State 406


The Arrest and Custody 407


Karl Schuetz's Perception of Gudjon 410


The `Lie Detection' 410


Gudjon's Diary 415


A Heuristic Model of Gudjon's Confession 420


After Release From Prison 422


Conclusions 423


18 Albert Skaftason's Memory Distrust Syndrome and Confession 425


Salient Points 425


Albert's Interrogation 427


Memory Enhancement 428


Albert's Account of Events, and His Personality 429


A Heuristic Model of Albert's Confession 432


Conclusions 435


Conclusions 437


Science and Practice - the Beginning 437


The Development of the Science 439


The Gudmundur and Geirfinnur Cases 446


Lessons Learned 462


Appendix 1 465


Appendix 2 471


References 477


Author Index


Subject Index
Este título pertence ao(s) assunto(s) indicados(s). Para ver outros títulos clique no assunto desejado.
psychology; neuroscience; forensic psychiatry; forensic psychology; clinical psychology; false confessions; psychology and law; cognitive psychology; memory; false memory; confabulation; coerced confession; memory distrust; belief change; suggestibility; psychological vulnerabilities; police interrogations; police pressure; coercion; memory distortion; interrogation coercion; isolation; solitary confinement; identifying internalized false confessions; Icelandic murder investigation; Reykjavik Confessions