Wireless Communication Signals

Preface xv

List of Contributors xix

Acronyms List xx

1 Hands-on Wireless Communication Experience 1
Hueseyin Arslan

1.1 Importance of Laboratory-Based Learning of Wireless Communications 1

1.2 Model for a Practical Lab Bench 3

1.3 Examples of Co-simulation with Hardware 6

1.4 A Sample Model for a Laboratory Course 8

1.4.1 Introduction to the SDR and Testbed Platform 11

1.4.2 Basic Simulation 11

1.4.3 Measurements and Multidimensional Signal Analysis 11

1.4.4 Digital Modulation 12

1.4.5 Pulse Shaping 13

1.4.6 RF Front-end and RF Impairments 13

1.4.7 Wireless Channel and Interference 14

1.4.8 Synchronization and Channel Estimation 15

1.4.9 OFDM Signal Analysis and Performance Evaluation 15

1.4.10 Multiple Accessing 16

1.4.11 Independent Project Development Phase 16

1.4.11.1 Software Defined Radio 17

1.4.11.2 Dynamic Spectrum Access and CR Experiment 17

1.4.11.3 Wireless Channel 17

1.4.11.4 Wireless Channel Counteractions 18

1.4.11.5 Antenna Project 18

1.4.11.6 Signal Intelligence 18

1.4.11.7 Channel, User, and Context Awareness Project 19

1.4.11.8 Combination of DSP Lab with RF and Microwave Lab 19

1.4.11.9 Multiple Access and Interference Management 19

1.4.11.10 Standards 20

1.5 Conclusions 20

References 20

2 Performance Metrics and Measurements 23
Hueseyin Arslan

2.1 Signal Quality Measurements 23

2.1.1 Measurements Before Demodulation 24

2.1.2 Measurements During and After Demodulation 25

2.1.2.1 Noise Figure 26

2.1.2.2 Channel Frequency Response Estimation 26

2.1.3 Measurements After Channel Decoding 26

2.1.3.1 Relation of SNR with BER 27

2.1.4 Error Vector Magnitude 27

2.1.4.1 Error-Vector-Time and Error-Vector-Frequency 29

2.1.4.2 Relation of EVM with Other Metrics 30

2.1.4.3 Rho 31

2.1.5 Measures After Speech or Video Decoding 31

2.2 Visual Inspections and Useful Plots 32

2.2.1 Advanced Scatter Plot 39

2.3 Cognitive Radio and SDR Measurements 40

2.4 Other Measurements 42

2.5 Clarifying dB and dBm 44

2.6 Conclusions 45

References 45

3 Multidimensional Signal Analysis 49
Hueseyin Arslan

3.1 Why Multiple Dimensions in a Radio Signal? 49

3.2 Time Domain Analysis 52

3.2.1 CCDF and PAPR 53

3.2.2 Time Selectivity Measure 56

3.3 Frequency Domain Analysis 57

3.3.1 Adjacent Channel Power Ratio 59

3.3.2 Frequency Selectivity Measure 61

3.4 Joint Time-Frequency Analysis 62

3.5 Code Domain Analysis 64

3.5.1 Code Selectivity 66

3.6 Correlation Analysis 67

3.7 Modulation Domain Analysis 68

3.8 Angular Domain Analysis 68

3.8.1 Direction Finding 68

3.8.2 Angular Spread 70

3.9 MIMO Measurements 71

3.9.1 Antenna Correlation 72

3.9.2 RF Cross-Coupling 72

3.9.3 EVM Versus Antenna Branches 73

3.9.4 Channel Parameters 73

3.10 Conclusions 73

References 74

4 Simulating a Communication System 77
Muhammad Sohaib J. Solaija and Hueseyin Arslan

4.1 Simulation: What,Why? 77

4.2 Approaching a Simulation 78

4.2.1 Strategy 78

4.2.2 General Methodology 80

4.3 Basic Modeling Concepts 81

4.3.1 System Modeling 81

4.3.2 Subsystem Modeling 81

4.3.3 Stochastic Modeling 82

4.4 What is a Link/Link-level Simulation? 82

4.4.1 Source and Source Coding 82

4.4.2 Channel Coding 83

4.4.3 Symbol Mapping/Modulation 83

4.4.4 Upsampling 84

4.4.5 Digital Filtering 84

4.4.6 RF Front-end 85

4.4.7 Channel 86

4.4.8 Synchronization and Equalization 87

4.4.9 Performance Evaluation and Signal Analysis 87

4.5 Communication in AWGN - A Simple Case Study 88

4.5.1 Receiver Design 88

4.6 Multi-link vs. Network-level Simulations 88

4.6.1 Network Layout Generation 90

4.6.1.1 Hexagonal Grid 90

4.6.1.2 PPP-based Network Layout 91

4.7 Practical Issues 93

4.7.1 Monte Carlo Simulations 93

4.7.2 Random Number Generation 94

4.7.2.1 White Noise Generation 94

4.7.2.2 Random Binary Sequence 94

4.7.3 Values of Simulation Parameters 95

4.7.4 Confidence Interval 95

4.7.5 Convergence/Stopping Criterion 95

4.8 Issues/Limitations of Simulations 95

4.8.1 Modeling Errors 96

4.8.1.1 Errors in System Model 96

4.8.1.2 Errors in Subsystem Model 96

4.8.1.3 Errors in Random Process Modeling 96

4.8.2 Processing Errors 96

4.9 Conclusions 97

References 97

5 RF Impairments 99
Hueseyin Arslan

5.1 Radio Impairment Sources 99

5.2 IQ Modulation Impairments 102

5.3 PA Nonlinearities 106

5.4 Phase Noise and Time Jitter 110

5.5 Frequency Offset 112

5.6 ADC/DAC Impairments 113

5.7 Thermal Noise 114

5.8 RF Impairments and Interference 114

5.8.1 Harmonics and Intermodulation Products 114

5.8.2 Multiple Access Interference 116

5.9 Conclusions 118

References 118

6 Digital Modulation and Pulse Shaping 121
Hueseyin Arslan

6.1 Digital Modulation Basics 121

6.2 Popularly Used Digital Modulation Schemes 123

6.2.1 PSK 123

6.2.2 FSK 125

6.2.2.1 GMSK and Approximate Representation of GSM GMSK Signal 127

6.2.3 QAM 129

6.2.4 Differential Modulation 132

6.3 Adaptive Modulation 133

6.3.1 Gray Mapping 135

6.3.2 Calculation of Error 135

6.3.3 Relation of Eb No with SNR at the receiver 138

6.4 Pulse-Shaping Filtering 138

6.5 Conclusions 146

References 146

7 OFDM Signal Analysis and Performance Evaluation 147
Hueseyin Arslan

7.1 Why OFDM? 147

7.2 Generic OFDM System Design and Its Evaluation 149

7.2.1 Basic CP-OFDM Transceiver Design 150

7.2.2 Spectrum of the OFDM Signal 151

7.2.3 PAPR of the OFDM Signal 155

7.2.4 Performance in Multipath Channel 157

7.2.4.1 Time-Dispersive Multipath Channel 157

7.2.4.2 Frequency-Dispersive Multipath Channel 161

7.2.5 Performance with Impairments 162

7.2.5.1 Frequency Offset 163

7.2.5.2 Symbol Timing Error 167

7.2.5.3 Sampling Clock Offset 170

7.2.5.4 Phase Noise 171

7.2.5.5 PA Nonlinearities 172

7.2.5.6 I/Q Impairments 175

7.2.6 Summary of the OFDM Design Considerations 177

7.2.7 Coherent versus Differential OFDM 178

7.3 OFDM-like Signaling 180

7.3.1 OFDM Versus SC-FDE 180

7.3.2 Multi-user OFDM and OFDMA 181

7.3.3 SC-FDMA and DFT-S-OFDM 182

7.4 Case Study: Measurement-Based OFDM Receiver 185

7.4.1 System Model 185

7.4.1.1 Frame Format 186

7.4.1.2 OFDM Symbol Format 186

7.4.1.3 Baseband Transmitter Blocks and Transmitted Signal Model 186

7.4.1.4 Received Signal Model 188

7.4.2 Receiver Structure and Algorithms 189

7.4.2.1 Packet Detection 191

7.4.2.2 Frequency Offset Estimation and Compensation 191

7.4.2.3 Symbol Timing Estimation 192

7.4.2.4 Packet-end Detection and Packet Extraction 193

7.4.2.5 Channel Estimation and Equalization 194

7.4.2.6 Pilot Tracking 195

7.4.2.7 Auto-modulation Detection 195

7.4.3 FCH Decoding 196

7.4.4 Test and Measurements 196

7.5 Conclusions 197

References 198

8 Analysis of Single-Carrier Communication Systems 201
Hueseyin Arslan

8.1 A Simple System in AWGN Channel 201

8.2 Flat Fading (Non-Dispersive) Multipath Channel 210

8.3 Frequency-Selective (Dispersive) Multipath Channel 215

8.3.1 Time-Domain Equalization 219

8.3.2 Channel Estimation 223

8.3.3 Frequency-Domain Equalization 226

8.4 Extension of Dispersive Multipath Channel to DS-CDMA-based Wideband Systems 229

8.5 Conclusions 232

References 232

9 Multiple Accessing, Multi-Numerology, Hybrid Waveforms 235
Mehmet Mert ?Sahin and Hueseyin Arslan

9.1 Preliminaries 235

9.1.1 Duplexing 236

9.1.2 Downlink Communication 237

9.1.3 Uplink Communication 238

9.1.4 Traffic Theory and Trunking Gain 238

9.2 Orthogonal Design 241

9.2.1 TDMA 241

9.2.2 FDMA 242

9.2.3 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 243

9.2.4 Frequency Hopped Multiple Access (FHMA) 245

9.2.5 Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) 246

9.2.5.1 Multiuser Multiple-input Multiple-output (MIMO) 247

9.3 Non-orthogonal Design 249

9.3.1 Power-domain Non-orthogonal Multiple Access (PD-NOMA) 250

9.3.2 Code-domain Non-orthogonal Multiple Access 251

9.4 Random Access 253

9.4.1 ALOHA 253

9.4.2 Carrier Sense Multiple Accessing (CSMA) 254

9.4.3 Multiple Access Collision Avoidance (MACA) 254

9.4.4 Random Access Channel (RACH) 255

9.4.5 Grant-free Random Access 255

9.5 Multiple Accessing with Application-Based Hybrid Waveform Design 256

9.5.1 Multi-numerology Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) 256

9.5.2 Radar-Sensing and Communication (RSC) Coexistence 258

9.5.3 Coexistence of Different Waveforms in Multidimensional Hyperspace for 6G and Beyond Networks 260

9.6 Case Study 261

Appendix: Erlang B table 263

References 263

10 Wireless Channel and Interference 267
Abuu B. Kihero, Armed Tusha, and Hueseyin Arslan

10.1 Fundamental Propagation Phenomena 267

10.2 Multipath Propagation 269

10.2.1 Large-Scale Fading 269

10.2.1.1 Path Loss 270

10.2.1.2 Shadowing 271

10.2.2 Small-Scale Fading 272

10.2.2.1 Characterization of Time-Varying Channels 273

10.2.2.2 Rayleigh and Rician Fading Distributions 274

10.2.3 Time, Frequency and Angular Domains Characteristics of Multipath Channel 276

10.2.3.1 Delay Spread 276

10.2.3.2 Angular Spread 279

10.2.3.3 Doppler Spread 281

10.2.4 Novel Channel Characteristics in the 5G Technology 284

10.3 Channel as a Source of Interference 288

10.3.1 Interference due to Large-Scale Fading 288

10.3.1.1 Cellular Systems and CoChannel Interference 288

10.3.1.2 Cochannel Interference Control via Resource Assignment 289

10.3.2 Interference due to Small-Scale Fading 292

10.4 Channel Modeling 293

10.4.1 Analytical Channel Models 294

10.4.1.1 Correlation-based Models 294

10.4.1.2 Propagation-Motivated Models 294

10.4.2 Physical Models 295

10.4.2.1 Deterministic Model 295

10.4.2.2 Geometry-based Stochastic Model 295

10.4.2.3 Nongeometry-based Stochastic Models 296

10.4.3 3GPP 5G Channel Models 297

10.4.3.1 Tapped Delay Line (TDL) Model 297

10.4.3.2 Clustered Delay Line (CDL) Model 298

10.4.3.3 Generating Channel Coefficients Using CDL Model 299

10.4.4 Role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Channel Modeling 300

10.5 Channel Measurement 301

10.5.1 Frequency Domain Channel Sounder 303

10.5.1.1 Swept Frequency/Chirp Sounder 303

10.5.2 Time Domain Channel Sounder 304

10.5.2.1 Periodic Pulse/Impulse Sounder 304

10.5.2.2 Correlative/Pulse Compression Sounders 305

10.5.3 Challenges of Practical Channel Measurement 308

10.6 Channel Emulation 308

10.6.1 Baseband and RF Domain Channel Emulators 309

10.6.2 Reverberation Chambers as Channel Emulator 309

10.6.2.1 General Principles 309

10.6.2.2 Emulating Multipath Effects Using RVC 311

10.6.3 Commercial Wireless Channel Emulators 318

10.7 Wireless Channel Control 319

10.8 Conclusion 321

References 321

11 Carrier and Time Synchronization 325
Musab Alayasra and Hueseyin Arslan

11.1 Signal Modeling 325

11.2 Synchronization Approaches 327

11.3 Carrier Synchronization 329

11.3.1 Coarse Frequency Offset Compensation 331

11.3.1.1 DFT-based Coarse Frequency Offset Compensation 331

11.3.1.2 Phase-based Coarse Frequency Offset Compensation 333

11.3.2 Fine Frequency Offset Compensation 335

11.3.2.1 Feedforward MLE-Based Frequency Offset Compensation 335

11.3.2.2 Feedback Heuristic-Based Frequency Offset Compensation 340

11.3.3 Carrier Phase Offset Compensation 344

11.4 Time Synchronization 345

11.4.1 Frame Synchronization 346

11.4.2 Symbol Timing Synchronization 347

11.4.2.1 Feedforward MLE-based Symbol Timing Synchronization 348

11.4.2.2 Feedback Heuristic-based Symbol Timing Synchronization 349

11.5 Conclusion 352

References 353

12 Blind Signal Analysis 355
Mehmet Ali Ayguel, Ahmed Naeem, and Hueseyin Arslan

12.1 What is Blind Signal Analysis? 355

12.2 Applications of Blind Signal Analysis 355

12.2.1 Spectrum Sensing 356

12.2.2 Parameter Estimation and Signal Identification 357

12.2.2.1 Parameter Estimation 357

12.2.2.2 Signal Identification 357

12.2.3 Radio Environment Map 358

12.2.4 Equalization 360

12.2.5 Modulation Identification 361

12.2.6 Multi-carrier (OFDM) Parameters Estimation 362

12.3 Case Study: Blind Receiver 363

12.3.1 Bandwidth Estimation 364

12.3.2 Carrier Frequency Estimation 365

12.3.3 Symbol Rate Estimation 366

12.3.4 Pulse-Shaping and Roll-off Factor Estimation 366

12.3.5 Optimum Sampling Phase Estimation 368

12.3.6 Timing Recovery 369

12.3.7 Frequency Offset and Phase Offset Estimation 371

12.4 Machine Learning for Blind Signal Analysis 372

12.4.1 Deep Learning 374

12.4.2 Applications of Machine Learning 375

12.4.2.1 Signal and Interference Identification 375

12.4.2.2 Multi-RF Impairments Identification, Separation, and Classification 375

12.4.2.3 Channel Modeling and Estimation 376

12.4.2.4 Spectrum Occupancy Prediction 377

12.5 Challenges and Potential Study Items 378

12.5.1 Challenges 378

12.5.2 Potential Study Items 379

12.6 Conclusions 379

References 380

13 Radio Environment Monitoring 383
Halise Tuerkmen, Saira Rafique, and Hueseyin Arslan

13.1 Radio Environment Map 384

13.2 Generalized Radio Environment Monitoring 385

13.2.1 Radio Environment Monitoring with the G-REM Framework 387

13.3 Node Types 388

13.4 Sensing Modes 388

13.5 Observable Data, Derivable Information and Other Sources 389

13.6 Sensing Methods 389

13.6.1 Sensing Configurations 390

13.6.2 Processing Data and Control Signal 391

13.6.2.1 Channel State Information (CSI) 391

13.6.2.2 Channel Impulse Response (CIR) 393

13.6.2.3 Channel Frequency Response (CFR) 393

13.6.3 Blind Signal Analysis 393

13.6.4 Radio Detection and Ranging 394

13.6.4.1 Radar Test-bed 401

13.6.5 Joint Radar and Communication 402

13.6.5.1 Coexistence 403

13.6.5.2 Co-Design 403

13.6.5.3 RadComm 405

13.6.5.4 CommRad 406

13.7 Mapping Methods 407

13.7.1 Signal Processing Algorithms 407

13.7.2 Interpolation Techniques 408

13.7.2.1 Inverse Distance Weighted Interpolation 408

13.7.2.2 Kriging's Interpolation 409

13.7.3 Model-Based Techniques 410

13.7.4 Learning-Based Techniques 410

13.7.5 Hybrid Techniques 410

13.7.6 Case Study: Radio Frequency Map Construction 410

13.7.6.1 Radio Frequency Map Construction Test-bed for CR 411

13.7.7 Case Study: Wireless Local Area Network/Wi-Fi Sensing 413

13.7.7.1 WLAN Sensing Test-bed for Gesture Detection 415

13.8 Applications of G-REM 416

13.8.1 Cognitive Radios 417

13.8.2 Security 417

13.8.2.1 PHY Layer Security 417

13.8.2.2 Cross-Layer Security 417

13.8.3 Multi-Antenna Communication Systems 418

13.8.3.1 UE and Obstacle Tracking for Beam Management 418

13.8.3.2 No-Feedback Channel Estimation for FDD MIMO and mMIMO Systems 418

13.8.4 Formation and Management of Ad Hoc Networks and Device-to-Device Communication 418

13.8.5 Content Caching 419

13.8.6 Enabling Flexible Radios for 6G and Beyond Networks 419

13.8.7 Non-Communication Applications 419

13.9 Challenges and Future Directions 420

13.9.1 Security 420

13.9.2 Scheduling 421

13.9.3 Integration of (New) Technologies 421

13.9.3.1 Re-configurable Intelligent Surfaces 421

13.9.3.2 Quantum Radar 421

13.10 Conclusion 422

References 422

Index 425

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