Life Cycle of Sustainable Packaging

Life Cycle of Sustainable Packaging

From Design to End-of-Life

Auras, Rafael A.; Selke, Susan E. M.

John Wiley & Sons Inc

12/2022

496

Dura

Inglês

9781119878100

15 a 20 dias

1156

Descrição não disponível.
List of Abbreviations xvii

Preface xxii

About the Companion Website xxv

1 The Role of Packaging in Sustainable Development 1

1.1 Learning Objectives 1

1.2 Introduction 1

1.3 Packaging and Sustainable Development 1

1.4 Sustainability 5

1.5 Sustainability Timeline 7

1.6 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN-SDGs) 11

1.7 Sustainability Indicators (SIs) 21

1.8 Life Cycle Thinking 23

1.9 Circular Economy 25

1.10 Packaging for Sustainable Development 26

1.11 Sustainable Packaging Organizations around the World and Their Criteria 28

1.12 Tools to Evaluate Sustainable Packaging 29

1.13 Case Study 1.1. The Living Planet Index (LPI) 30

1.14 Case Study 1.2. Doughnut Economics 31

1.15 Study Questions 32

1.16 Additional Resources 33

References 34

2 Design Thinking: The Packaging Design Process 37
Euihark Lee

2.1 Learning Objectives 37

2.2 Introduction 37

2.2.1 Creativity vs. Innovation 37

2.2.2 Design of Packaging for Sustainability 39

2.3 The Design Thinking Process 40

2.3.1 What Is Design Thinking? 40

2.3.2 The Five Stages of Design Thinking 41

2.4 Tools for Thinking about Innovation 42

2.4.1 Empathy Mapping 42

2.4.2 Mind Map 43

2.4.3 Brainstorming 44

2.5 Packaging Design Process 44

2.5.1 Applying the Design Process to the Packaging System 44

2.5.2 Material Selection 45

2.5.3 Determining Packaging Features 46

2.5.4 Design Shape 47

2.5.5 Color and Packaging 49

2.5.6 Graphics in Packaging 50

2.5.7 Packaging Design Tools 52

2.6 Case Study 2.1. Heinz Single-serve Ketchup Dip and Squeeze 54

2.7 Case Study 2.2. Design for Recyclability 57

2.8 Study Questions 59

2.9 Additional Resources 59

References 59

3 Packaging in the Upstream and Downstream Supply Chains 63

3.1 Learning Objectives 63

3.2 Introduction 63

3.3 Resource Use 64

3.4 Packaging Materials 64

3.4.1 Metal 65

3.4.2 Glass 67

3.4.3 Wood 69

3.4.4 Paper and Paperboard 70

3.4.5 Plastics 71

3.5 Energy 74

3.5.1 Nonrenewables 75

3.5.1.1 Petroleum 76

3.5.1.2 Coal 77

3.5.1.3 Natural Gas 77

3.5.1.4 Nuclear 78

3.5.2 Renewables 78

3.5.2.1 Biomass 78

3.5.2.2 Hydropower 79

3.5.2.3 Wind 79

3.5.2.4 Solar Energy 79

3.5.2.5 Geothermal Energy 79

3.6 Components of the Packaging System 80

3.6.1 Primary Packaging 80

3.6.2 Secondary Packaging 80

3.6.3 Tertiary or Distribution Packaging 80

3.7 Parameters for Quantifying the Environmental Footprint (EFP) of Packaging Systems 81

3.8 Case Study 3.1. Cube Efficiency Estimation Using CAPE (R) 82

3.9 Study Questions 83

3.10 Additional Resources 85

References 85

4 Pollution and Risk Management 87

4.1 Learning Objectives 87

4.2 Introduction 87

4.3 Pollution Science 88

4.4 Risk Assessment and Management 89

4.4.1 Exposure Assessment 91

4.4.2 Hazard Identification 93

4.4.3 Dose-Response Assessment 94

4.4.4 Risk Characterization 97

4.4.4.1 Carcinogenic Risks 97

4.4.4.2 Noncarcinogenic Risks 99

4.5 Ecological Risk Assessment 100

4.6 Microbial Risk Assessment 101

4.7 Case Study 4.1. Estimation of the Health Risk of Dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) 101

4.8 Study Questions 102

4.9 Additional Resources 102

References 102

5 Soil Pollution 105

5.1 Learning Objectives 105

5.2 Introduction 105

5.3 Surface Mining 105

5.4 Deforestation 106

5.5 Soil Acidity and Salinity 107

5.6 Soil Erosion 108

5.7 Agricultural Activities 108

5.8 Animal Waste 111

5.9 Industrial Waste 112

5.10 Invasive Species 113

5.11 Case Study 5.1. Kudzu as Invasive Species in the Southern US 113

5.12 Study Questions 114

5.13 Additional Resources 114

References 114

6 Water Pollution 117

6.1 Learning Objectives 117

6.2 Introduction 117

6.3 Groundwater 119

6.3.1 Point-Source Contamination 121

6.3.1.1 Hazardous Organic Chemicals 125

6.3.1.2 Landfill 125

6.3.2 Diffuse Source Contamination 126

6.3.2.1 Agrochemical Contamination 126

6.3.2.2 Saltwater Intrusion 127

6.3.2.3 Microbial Contamination 128

6.3.2.4 Gasoline Additives 129

6.3.2.5 Perchlorate 129

6.3.2.6 Arsenic 130

6.3.2.7 Acid-Mine Drainage 130

6.4 Surface Water 130

6.4.1 Marine Water Resources 130

6.4.2 Sources of Water Pollution 131

6.4.3 Sediments as Surface Water Contaminants 131

6.4.4 Metals as Surface Water Contaminants 132

6.4.4.1 Mercury 132

6.4.4.2 Arsenic 132

6.4.4.3 Chromium 132

6.4.4.4 Selenium 133

6.4.5 Nutrients and Eutrophication of Surface Waters 133

6.4.6 Organic Compounds in Water 134

6.4.7 Enteric Pathogens as Surface Water Contaminants 134

6.5 Groundwater and Surface Water Legislation 135

6.5.1 Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) 136

6.6 Case Study 6.1. Pine River Contamination Site 136

6.7 Case Study 6.2. The Flint Water Crisis 145

6.8 Study Questions 145

6.9 Additional Resources 146

References 146

7 Air Pollution 149

7.1 Learning Objectives 149

7.2 Introduction 149

7.3 Primary Air Pollutants 151

7.3.1 Carbon Monoxide (CO) 151

7.3.2 Hydrocarbons (HCs) 152

7.3.3 Particulate Matter (PM) 152

7.3.4 Sulfur Dioxide (SO 2) 153

7.3.5 Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) 154

7.3.6 Lead (Pb) 154

7.4 Secondary Pollutants 156

7.5 Clean Air Act 158

7.6 Case Study 7.1. Air Quality in Delhi, India, in Winter 161

7.7 Case Study 7.2. Air Quality in the US in Summer 163

7.8 Study Questions 163

7.9 Additional Resources 164

References 164

8 Global Climate Change 167

8.1 Learning Objectives 167

8.2 Introduction 167

8.3 Greenhouse Gases 169

8.4 Impacts on Global Climate 173

8.5 Climate Change Agreements 174

8.6 Case Study 8.1. History of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 175

8.7 Study Questions 176

8.8 Additional Resources 176

References 177

9 Life Cycle Assessment 179

9.1 Learning Objectives 179

9.2 Introduction 179

9.3 Provisions of LCA Study 181

9.4 Different Approaches to Conduct LCI Studies 183

9.5 Steps of an LCA Study 184

9.5.1 Goal and Scope Definition of an LCA 185

9.5.2 Function, Functional Unit, and Reference Flow 188

9.5.3 Life Cycle Inventory Modeling Framework 190

9.5.3.1 Flows and Multifunctionality 190

9.5.3.2 Completeness/Cut-off and Loops 199

9.5.3.3 Provisions for LCI according to Situations A, B, and C of LCA 200

9.5.4 Impact Assessment 200

9.5.5 Interpretation 203

9.5.5.1 Evaluation of the Results 203

9.5.5.2 Analysis of the Results 203

9.5.5.3 Formulation of Conclusions and Recommendations 207

9.6 LCA Software 207

9.7 Case Study 9.1. LCA Study of Beverage Packaging Systems 207

9.8 Study Questions 213

9.9 Additional Resources 214

References 214

10 Municipal Solid Waste 217

10.1 Learning Objectives 217

10.2 Introduction 217

10.3 World Picture of Municipal Solid Waste 218

10.4 Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) 218

10.5 Municipal Solid Waste in the US 223

10.6 Municipal Solid Waste in Different US States 225

10.7 Municipal Solid Waste Management Approaches 227

10.8 Case Study 10.1 - Environmental Footprint of PET Bottles Managed According to the US EPA Waste Management Hierarchy 229

10.9 Study Questions 230

10.10 Additional Resources 230

References 231

11 Reduction 233

11.1 Learning Objectives 233

11.2 Introduction 233

11.3 Reduction 234

11.4 Reduction in Packaging 234

11.4.1 Glass 235

11.4.2 Metal 235

11.4.3 Paper, Paperboard, and Corrugated Board 236

11.4.4 Plastic 237

11.5 Case Study 11.1. Bacon Packaging 239

11.6 Study Questions 244

11.7 Additional Resources 244

References 245

12 Reuse 247

12.1 Learning Objectives 247

12.2 Introduction 247

12.3 Reuse 248

12.4 Reuse in Packaging 250

12.4.1 Metal 252

12.4.2 Glass 253

12.4.3 Paper, Paperboard, and Corrugated Board 254

12.4.4 Plastic 254

12.5 Case Study 12.1. Reusable Cups 256

12.6 Case Study 12.2. Reusable Plastic Containers (RPC) 257

12.7 Study Questions 259

12.8 Additional Resources 259

References 260

13 Recycling 263

13.1 Learning Objectives 263

13.2 Introduction 263

13.3 Requirements for Successful Recycling 265

13.3.1 Consumer Engagement 265

13.3.1.1 Motivation 265

13.3.1.2 Convenience 267

13.3.1.3 Education/Publicity 268

13.3.2 Collection 269

13.3.2.1 Curbside Collection 270

13.3.2.2 Multidwelling Collection 270

13.3.2.3 Drop-off Sites 271

13.3.2.4 Deposit Systems 271

13.3.3 Sortation 277

13.3.4 Reprocessing 279

13.3.5 End Markets 279

13.4 Recycling of Packaging Materials 280

13.4.1 Closed- and Open-Loop Recycling 281

13.5 Metal Recycling 285

13.5.1 Steel Recycling 286

13.5.2 Aluminum Recycling 288

13.6 Glass Recycling 291

13.7 Paper, Paperboard, and Corrugated Board Recycling 294

13.8 Plastics Recycling 299

13.9 Labeling 306

13.10 Case Study 13.1. Environmental Footprint of Recycling Polymeric Resins 307

13.11 Case Study 13.2. End-of-Life Scenario of PLA, PET, and PS Clamshells 307

13.12 Study Questions 310

13.13 Additional Resources 311

References 312

14 Aerobic and Anaerobic Biodegradation 317

14.1 Learning Objectives 317

14.2 Introduction 317

14.3 Aerobic Biodegradation 319

14.3.1 Composting 320

14.3.1.1 Home/Backyard Composting 320

14.3.1.2 Industrial Composting 320

14.3.1.3 Factors Affecting Backyard and Industrial Composting Operations 322

14.3.2 Agricultural Soils 324

14.3.3 Other Mostly Aerobic Degradation Environments 325

14.3.3.1 Soil Biodegradation 325

14.3.3.2 Aquatic Biodegradation 326

14.3.4 Measuring Aerobic Biodegradation 326

14.3.5 Standards and Certifications for Aerobic Biodegradable Materials 327

14.3.6 Bio-based Carbon Content 332

14.4 Anaerobic Biodegradation 332

14.4.1 Standards and Certifications for Anaerobic Biodegradable Materials 335

14.5 Main Factors Affecting Aerobic and Anaerobic Biodegradation 335

14.6 Biodegradation of Packaging Materials 337

14.7 Paper Biodegradation 338

14.8 Polymer Biodegradation 341

14.9 Case Study 14.1. Biodegradation of Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) - PBAT - Films in Yard, Food, and Manure Compost 345

14.10 Case Study 14.2. Anaerobic Degradation of PLA Films 346

14.11 Study Questions 348

14.12 Additional Resources 350

References 350

15 Incineration of Municipal Solid Waste with Energy Recovery 357

15.1 Learning Objectives 357

15.2 Introduction 357

15.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration 360

15.4 Types of Waste Combustion Units 361

15.5 Municipal Solid Waste Combustion Plants 362

15.6 Refuse Derived Fuel 364

15.7 Energy Recovery from Burning MSW 365

15.8 Incineration of Metals 369

15.9 Incineration of Glass 369

15.10 Incineration of Paper, Paperboard, and Corrugated Board 371

15.11 Incineration of Plastics 371

15.12 Case Study 15.1. Burning of Poly(vinyl chloride) - PVC 374

15.13 Case Study 15.2. Comparison of Emissions from Waste-to-Energy Facilities with Those from Fossil Fuels and Their Greenhouse Gas Emissions 374

15.14 Study Questions 376

15.15 Additional Resources 377

References 377

16 Landfill 381

16.1 Learning Objectives 381

16.2 Introduction 381

16.3 Definition of Terms 385

16.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Disposing Municipal Solid Waste in Landfills 386

16.5 Classification of Landfills 386

16.5.1 Landfills Regulated under RCRA - Subtitle d 386

16.5.1.1 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill 387

16.5.1.2 Industrial Waste Landfill (IWLF) 387

16.5.2 Landfills Regulated under RcRA - Subtitle c 388

16.5.2.1 Hazardous Waste Landfills 388

16.5.3 Landfills Regulated under the Toxic Substances Control Act 388

16.6 Location, Building, Operation, Closure, and Financial Assurance of Landfills 389

16.7 Emissions from Landfills 391

16.7.1 Air Emissions 392

16.7.2 Leachate 395

16.8 Energy Recovery from Landfills 397

16.9 Landfilling of Municipal Solid Waste 397

16.10 Landfilling of Metals 400

16.11 Landfilling of Glass 402

16.12 Landfilling of Paper, Paperboard, and Corrugated Board 404

16.13 Landfilling of Plastics 404

16.14 Case Study 16.1. Landfilling of Yard Trimmings 406

16.15 Case Study 16.2. Evaluation of Biodegradation of Polyethylene and Poly(ethylene terephthalate) in Simulated Landfill Environments 407

16.16 Study Questions 408

16.17 Additional Resources 409

References 410

17 Litter and Marine Pollution 413

17.1 Learning Objectives 413

17.2 Introduction 413

17.3 Litter in the US and around the World 414

17.4 Marine Litter 416

17.4.1 Shoreline and Beach Litter 417

17.4.2 Oceans and Gyres 417

17.4.3 Litter in Other Bodies of Water 419

17.4.4 Cleanup and Prevention 419

17.4.5 Sources of Ocean Plastics 420

17.5 Litter and Wildlife 420

17.6 Microplastics 421

17.7 Biodegradability and Litter 422

17.8 Case Study 17.1. Emission of Plastic from Rivers to the World's Oceans 422

17.9 Case Study 17.2. Presence of Microplastics in Drinking Water and Food 423

17.10 Study Questions 426

17.11 Additional Resources 426

References 426

18 Keeping in Perspective 429

18.1 Learning Objectives 429

18.2 Introduction 429

18.3 Environmental Footprint of Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Packaging Systems 430

18.4 Environmental Footprint of the Product/Package System 431

18.5 The Role of Packaging in Waste Creation 433

18.6 Impact of Transportation on the Environmental Footprint of the Product/Package 434

18.7 Impact of Consumer Behavior on Waste Creation and the Environmental Footprint of the Product/Package System 435

18.8 Impact of End-of-life Scenarios on the Environmental Footprint of Packaging Systems 436

18.9 Case Study 18.1. Environmental Footprint of Milk Package Containers in the US 439

18.10 Case Study 18.2. The Perceived and Actual Environmental Footprint of Glass, Plastic, and Aluminum Beverage Packaging 439

18.11 Study Questions 443

18.12 Additional Resources 444

References 444

Index 447
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Environmentalism; sustainability; recycling; sustainability initiatives; packaging and sustainability; sustainable packaging; packaging lifecycle; life cycle assessment; life cycle thinking; environmental footprint; packaging design; packaging supply chain; pollution; packaging pollution; municipal solid waste; reduction in packaging; reusable packaging; circular economy; recycled packaging; compostable packaging; packaging littering; packaging materials