Handbook for the Sustainable Use of Timber in Construction

Handbook for the Sustainable Use of Timber in Construction

Coulson, Jim; Thew, Iain

John Wiley and Sons Ltd

12/2020

416

Dura

Inglês

9781119701095

15 a 20 dias

858

Descrição não disponível.
Preface xiii

Part One How Timber Works: Wood as a Material - Its Main Processes and Uses 1

1 Wood as a Material 3

1.1 Tree growth and wood formation 5

1.2 Cellulose, carbon dioxide, and oxygen 7

1.3 The essential cell structure of wood 9

1.4 Wood grain 11

1.5 Dimensional changes in wood 15

1.6 Cambium, pith, heartwood, and sapwood 17

1.7 Natural durability 20

1.8 Permeability in timber 21

1.9 Pits 24

1.10 Chapter summary 26

2 More on Wood - With Some Comments about Timber Trading 29

2.1 Should we call it 'wood' or 'timber' (or even 'lumber')? 29

2.2 Wood species and timber trading 30

2.3 Softwoods and hardwoods 30

2.4 Some more information on wood's cell structure 33

2.5 The significance of 'trade names' versus 'scientific names' 38

2.6 Growth rings 42

2.7 Earlywood and latewood 43

2.8 Rate of growth in softwoods 43

2.9 Rate of growth in hardwoods 45

2.10 Chapter summary 48

3 Two Fundamental Factors in Using Wood: Fire and Water 49

3.1 Wood and fire 49

3.2 Wood and moisture 54

3.3 Kiln drying 66

3.4 Air drying 69

3.5 Problems with timber as it dries 72

3.6 Timescales for drying timber 79

3.7 Chapter summary 81

4 Specifying Timber: For Indoor or Outdoor Uses - With Some Information on the Biological Attack of Wood 83

4.1 British and European standards 83

4.2 Durability and treatability of different wood species 84

4.3 Use classes 85

4.4 Examples of the use of timbers in different use class situations 86

4.5 Hazard and risk - and their relative importance 87

4.6 Use class 1: examples 87

4.7 Insects that can attack wood 91

4.8 Treatment against insect attack 94

4.9 Use class 2: examples 95

4.10 Use class 3: examples 97

4.11 Use class 4: examples 102

4.12 Wet rot and 'dry rot' 107

4.13 Modified wood 109

4.14 Use class 5: examples - plus two marine organisms which can eat wood 110

4.15 Chapter summary 112

5 Wood Preservatives and Wood Finishes 115

5.1 Rule number one: treat the timber last! 115

5.2 Wood preservative types 117

5.3 'Old' and 'new' treatments 117

5.4 Basic methods of timber treatment 117

5.5 Preservative chemicals 120

5.6 'Treated' timber 123

5.7 Chapter summary 131

6 Timber Quality: Defects in Wood and Grading for Appearance 133

6.1 The need for grading 134

6.2 'Quality' or 'grade'? 135

6.3 Quality 136

6.4 Grade 137

6.5 Different types of grading 137

6.6 'Appearance' grading 137

6.7 Appearance grading based on selection by inherent defects 138

6.8 Scandinavian appearance grades 141

6.9 Unsorted, fifths, and sixths 143

6.10 Russian appearance grades 144

6.11 Saw falling 145

6.12 European appearance grades 145

6.13 North American appearance grades 146

6.14 Clears, merchantable, and commons 148

6.15 A comparison of Scandinavian and North American grades 149

6.16 Appearance grading based on 'cuttings' 149

6.17 NHLA grades 150

6.18 Malaysian grades 154

6.19 Rules are made to be bent (within reason!) 157

6.20 Shipper's usual 157

6.21 J classes 158

6.22 Exposed face 159

6.23 Chapter summary 160

7 Strength Grading and Strength Classes 163

7.1 Appearance versus strength 166

7.2 Visual strength grades 166

7.3 GS and SS strength grades 167

7.4 Strength classes for softwoods 168

7.5 BS EN 1912 168

7.6 SC3, SC4: C16 and C24 169

7.7 Machine grading 171

7.8 Other strength grades: Europe and North America 172

7.9 Select structural, no. 1 and no. 2 structural, and stud grades 172

7.10 TR26 173

7.11 CLS 175

7.12 Specifying a strength class or wood species: things to think about 176

7.13 Hardwood strength grading 177

7.14 Tropical hardwoods 178

7.15 Temperate hardwoods 178

7.16 The 'size effect' 179

7.17 Hardwood strength classes 180

7.18 Marking of strength-graded timber 181

7.19 Chapter summary 183

8 Wood-Based Sheet Materials 185

8.1 Plywood construction 186

8.2 Two fundamental properties of plywood 186

8.3 The basic types of plywood 188

8.4 Problems with veneer 'layup' 192

8.5 'WBP' 192

8.6 Exterior 194

8.7 EN 636 plywood types 194

8.8 Adhesives used in plywood 195

8.9 BS 1088 marine plywood 196

8.10 Plywood glue bond testing 197

8.11 Plywood face quality 199

8.12 Appearance grading of face veneers 199

8.13 Plywood certification 202

8.14 Particleboards 205

8.15 Fibreboards 208

8.16 Chapter summary 212

9 Principles of Timber Engineering (by Iain Thew) 215

9.1 Timber as an 'engineering material' 216

9.2 Loads: their actions on structures 217

9.3 Load transfer 218

9.4 Bending, compression, and tension stresses 218

9.5 The use of strength classes 220

9.6 Load duration and its significance 222

9.7 Effects of timber moisture content on engineering properties 223

9.8 Load sharing 224

9.9 Deflection and 'creep' 224

9.10 Trussed rafters 225

9.11 'Engineered timber' joists 226

9.12 Glulam and LVL 227

9.13 Cross-laminated timber 229

9.14 Chapter summary 230

Part Two Using Timber and Wood-Based Products in Legal and Sustainable Way 231

10 Some Things You Should Know About Wood, Trees, and Forests 233

10.1 Some very basic comments on how trees grow 233

10.2 How long can trees live for - and how 'old' is an old tree? 235

10.3 The properties of different timbers 236

10.4 Distribution of tree types 236

10.5 Natural forests 238

10.6 Managed forests: conifers 242

10.7 Managed forests: broadleaved trees 245

10.8 Plantations: both softwoods and hardwoods 247

10.9 Planting trees to help with climate change 253

11 The Concept of 'Sustainability' 255

11.1 Being sustainable: a definition - and a target 255

11.2 What can we do to help? 258

11.3 Should we be cutting down trees? 259

11.4 Using the forest resource: the economic argument 262

11.5 Legal harvesting 263

11.6 The UK Timber Trade Federation and its 'responsible purchasing policy' 265

12 Voluntary Timber Certification Schemes 269

12.1 Some more details about the RPP 269

12.2 Checking legality I: the Corruption Perceptions Index 271

12.3 Checking legality II: FLEGT 275

12.4 Checking legality III: MYTLAS 277

12.5 Checking legality IV: other 'legality' certification schemes 278

12.6 Checking sustainability: chain-of-custody certification 280

12.7 UKWAS 286

12.8 Third-party assurance 287

12.9 How chain-of-custody schemes operate 287

13 UK Government, EU, and Other Countries' Regulations: Legally Trading in World Timbers 289

13.1 Checking up on the checkers: CPET and beyond 289

13.2 Help with legality and sustainability requirements in a UK context 290

13.3 The UK government's requirements for TPP 290

13.4 Category A and category B: 'proof of compliance' 291

13.5 Current and future supplies of certified timber 293

13.6 The EUTR: Europe's compulsory 'timber legality scheme' 294

13.7 Due Diligence 294

13.8 How to Satisfy the EUTR (or now, in the UK, the UKTR) 295

13.9 Putting together a due diligence system 297

13.10 Maintaining a due diligence system 298

13.11 'First placer on the market' 299

13.12 CE marking and the CPR 300

13.13 CITES: what exactly is It? 301

14 Softwoods Used in Construction - With Their Main Properties and Sustainability Credentials 307

14.1 European redwood, or scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) 308

14.2 European whitewood (principally Picea abies) 310

14.3 Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) 311

14.4 Western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) 312

14.5 'Douglas fir' (Pseudotsuga menziesii) 313

14.6 Larch (mainly Larix decidua and Larix kaempferi/Larix leptolepis) 314

14.7 'Western red cedar' (Thuja plicata) 315

14.8 Southern pine (Pinus spp., principally Pinus elliottii, Pinus echinata, Pinus palustris, and Pinus taeda) 316

14.9 Yellow pine (Pinus strobus) 317

14.10 Species groups 318

15 Some Hardwoods Used in Construction - With Their Main Properties and Sustainability Credentials 321

15.1 'Vulnerable' timbers 322

15.2 Timber names: a bit more information 323

15.3 Ash, American (Fraxinus spp.) 324

15.4 Ash, European (Fraxinus excelsior) 326

15.5 Ayan (Distemonanthus benthamianus) 326

15.6 Basralocus (Dicorynia guianensis or Dicorynia paraensis) 328

15.7 Beech, European (Fagus sylvatica) 328

15.8 Bilinga 329

15.9 Birch, European (mainly Betula pubescens, sometimes Betula pendula) 329

15.10 Cherry, American (Prunus serotina) 330

15.11 Chestnut, sweet (Castanea sativa) 330

15.12 Cupiuba 331

15.13 Ekki (Lophira alata) 331

15.14 Eucalyptus 332

15.15 Eveuss (Klainedoxa gabonensis) 332

15.16 Gedu nohor (Entandrophragma angolense) 332

15.17 Greenheart (Chlorocardium rodiei; formerly Ocotea rodaiei) 332

15.18 Guariuba (Clarisia racemosa) 333

15.19 Idigbo (Terminalia ivorensis) 333

15.20 Iroko (Milicia excelsa) 334

15.21 Kabukalli (Goupia glabra) 334

15.22 Kapur (Dryobalanops spp.) 335

15.23 Keruing (Dipterocarpus spp.) 335

15.24 Kosipo (Entandrophragma candollei) 336

15.25 Mahogany, African (principally Khaya ivorensis and Khaya anthotheca) 337

15.26 Mahogany, Central American (Swietenia macrophylla) 337

15.27 Maple (Acer saccharum) 338

15.28 Majau (Shorea spp.) 338

15.29 Massaranduba (Manilkara spp.) 338

15.30 Meranti (Shorea spp.) 339

15.31 Merbau (Intsia bijuga) 340

15.32 Missanda (Erythrophleum guineense and Erythrophleum ivorense) 340

15.33 Movingui 341

15.34 Oak, American red (principally Quercus rubra and Quercus falcata) 341

15.35 Oak, American white (principally Quercus alba and Quercus prinus, but also Quercus lyrata and Quercus michauxii) 341

15.36 Oak, European (mainly Quercus robur, but also Quercus petraea) 342

15.37 Obeche (Triplochiton scleroxylon) 343

15.38 Omu 343

15.39 Opepe (Nauclea diderrichii) 343

15.40 Padauk (Pterocarpus soyauxii) 344

15.41 'Red grandis' (really Eucalyptus grandis) 344

15.42 Sapele (Entandrophragma cylindricum) 345

15.43 Tatajuba (Bagassa guianensis) 346

15.44 Teak (Tectona grandis) 346

15.45 Tali 347

15.46 Tiama 347

15.47 Tulipwod 347

15.48 Utile (Entandrophragma utile) 347

15.49 Walnut, American (Juglans nigra) 348

15.50 Walnut, European (Juglans regia) 348

15.51 Whitewood, American or tulipwood (Liriodendron tulipifera) 349

16 The Use and Reuse of Timber and Wood-Based Products: The Carbon Cycle, End-of-Life Disposal, and Using Wood as Biomass 351

16.1 Should we 'save' all the trees? 351

16.2 The true 'carbon cycle' 352

16.3 End-of-life disposal of timber and wood-based products 353

16.4 Recycled timber 354

16.5 Disposal of timber in landfill 355

16.6 Burning wood: fossil fuels versus biomass 356

16.7 Biomass 357

17 Energy Considerations: Other Construction Materials Compared with Wood 361

17.1 Embodied energy 362

17.2 Cradle-to-grave analysis 364

17.3 Cradle to cradle: or the 'circular economy' 366

17.4 BREEAM 366

17.5 Assessment criteria 367

17.6 Contribution of timber to 'sustainable building' 368

17.7 The overall cost of being 'sustainable' 370

Appendix A A Glossary of Wood and Timber Terms Used in the Timber and Construction Industries 371

Appendix B A Select Bibliography of Some Useful Technical Reference Works, Plus Some Other Information on Timber and Wood-Based Products 385

Appendix C Some Helpful Technical, Advisory, and Trade Bodies Concerned with Timber 387

Index 389
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Wood; Timber; Cellulose; Durability; Decay; Fire; Preservatives; Use Classes; Coatings; Quality; Grading; Structural Design