Smart Materials for Waste Water Applications

Preface xv Part 1 Carbon Nanomaterials 1 1 Easy and Large-Scale Synthesis of Carbon Nanotube-Based Adsorbents for the Removal of Arsenic and Organic Pollutants from Aqueous Solutions 3 Fei Yu and Jie Ma 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 Removal of Arsenic from Aqueous Solution 5 1.3 Removal of Organic Pollutants from Aqueous Solution 22 1.4 Summary and Outlook 39 Acknowledgment 40 References 40 2 Potentialities of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials for Wastewater Treatment 47 Ana L. Cukierman, Emiliano Platero, Maria E. Fernandez, and Pablo R. Bonelli 2.1 Introduction 48 2.2 Graphene Synthesis Routes 49 2.3 Adsorption of Water Pollutants onto Graphene-Based Materials 52 2.4 Comparison of the Adsorption Performance of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials 72 2.5 Regeneration and Reutilization of the Graphene-Based Adsorbents 73 2.6 Conclusion 77 Acknowledgements 78 Nomenclature 78 References 79 3 Photocatalytic Activity of Nanocarbon-TiO2 Composites with Gold Nanoparticles for the Degradation of Water Pollutants 87 L.M. Pastrana-Martinez, S.A.C. Carabineiro, J.L. Figueiredo, J.L. Faria, A.M.T. Silva, and J.G. Buijnsters 3.1 Introduction 88 3.2 Experimental 90 3.3 Results and Discussion 93 3.4 Conclusions 101 Acknowledgements 102 References 102 4 Carbon Nanomaterials for Chromium (VI) Removal from Aqueous Solution 109 Pavel Kopel, Vedran Milosavljevic, Dorota Wawrzak, Amitava Moulick, Marketa Vaculovicova, Rene Kizek, and Vojtech Adam 4.1 Introduction 110 4.2 Carbon Nanomaterials for Heavy Metal Removal 111 4.3 Latest Progress in Nanocarbon Materials for Cr(VI) Treatment 113 4.4 Summary 121 Acknowledgement 121 References 121 5 Nano-Carbons from Pollutant Soot: A Cleaner Approach toward Clean Environment 127 Kumud Malika Tripathi, Nidhi Rani Gupta, and Sumit Kumar Sonkar 5.1 Introduction 127 5.2 Separation of Nano-carbon from Pollutant BC 131 5.3 Functionalization of Nano-Carbons Isolated from Pollutant BC 135 5.4 Nano-Carbons from Pollutant Soot for Wastewater Treatment 141 5.5 Conclusion 145 Acknowledgments 146 References 146 6 First-Principles Computational Design of Graphene for Gas Detection 155 Yoshitaka Fujimoto 6.1 Introduction 155 6.2 Computational Methodology 157 6.3 Nitrogen Doping and Nitrogen Vacancy Complexes in Graphene 158 6.4 Molecular Gas Adsorptions 166 6.5 Summary 174 Acknowledgments 174 References 175 Part 2 Synthetic Nanomaterials 179 7 Advanced Material for Pharmaceutical Removal from Wastewater 181 Parisa Amouzgar, May Yuan Wong, Bahman Amini Horri, and Babak Salamatinia 7.1 Introduction 182 7.2 Advanced Materials in the Removal of Pharmaceuticals from Wastewater 185 7.3 Activated Carbon (AC) 185 7.4 Modified Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 186 7.5 Modified Polysaccharide Matrices 188 7.6 Metal Organic Framework (MOF) 190 7.7 Reactive Composites 191 7.8 TiO2-Coated Adsorbents 192 7.9 Adsorption by Zeolite and Polymer Composites 192 7.10 Adsorption by Clay 193 7.11 Conventional Technologies for the Removal of PPCPs in WWTP 200 7.12 Membrane Filtration 201 7.13 Ozonation and Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) 201 7.14 Electro-oxidation 202 7.15 Adsorption by Coagulation and Sedimentation 202 7.16 Conclusion 203 References 203 8 Flocculation Performances of Polymers and Nanomaterials for the Treatment of Industrial Wastewaters 213 E. Fosso-Kankeu, F. Waanders, A.F. Mulaba-Bafubiandi, and A.K. Mishra 8.1 General Introduction 214 8.2 Conventional Treatment of Water with Inorganic Coagulants 214 8.3 Development of Polymer-Based Coagulants and Mechanisms of Turbidity Removal 219 8.4 Synthesis of Nanomaterials-Based Flocculants and Utilisation in the Removal of Pollutants 223 8.5 Conclusion 227 References 228 9 Polymeric Nanospheres for Organic Waste Removal 237 Ambika and Pradeep Pratap Singh 9.1 Introduction 237 9.2 Method of Preparation of Nanospheres 239 9.3 Applications of Different Type of Nanospheres in Water Purification 241 9.4 Future Aspects 248 9.5 Conclusions 248 Acknowledgment 249 References 249 10 A Perspective of the Application of Magnetic Nanocomposites and Nanogels as Heavy Metal Sorbents for Water Purification 257 Hilda Elizabeth Reynel-Avila, Didilia Ileana Mendoza-Castillo, and Adrian Bonilla-Petriciolet 10.1 Introduction 258 10.2 Description of Magnetic Nanoparticles and Nanogels 259 10.3 Routes for the Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles and Nanogels 260 10.4 Heavy Metal Removal from Aqueous Solutions Using Magnetic Nanomaterials and Nanogels 266 10.5 Desorption, Regeneration, and Final Disposal 278 10.6 Conclusions and Future Perspective 279 Acknowledgments 280 References 280 11 Role of Core Shell Nanocomposites in Heavy Metal Removal 289 Sheenam Thatai, Parul Khurana, and Dinesh Kumar 11.1 Introduction 289 11.1.1 Types of Materials 291 11.2 Core and Shell Material: Synthesis and Properties 292 11.3 Nanocomposites Material: Synthesis and Properties 295 11.4 Nanocomposite Materials for Water Decontamination Application 297 11.5 Stability of Metal Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites Material 299 Acknowledgements 302 References 303 Part 3 Biopolymeric Nanomaterials 311 12 Adsorption of Metallic Ions Cd2+, Pb2+, and Cr3+ from Water Samples Using Brazil Nut Shell as a Low-Cost Biosorbent 313 Juliana Casarin, Aff onso Celso Goncalves Jr, Gustavo Ferreira Coelho, Marcela Zanetti Corazza, Fernanda Midori de Oliveira, Cesar Ricardo Teixeira Tarley, Adilson Pinheiro, Matheus Meier, and Douglas Cardoso Dragunski 12.1 Introduction 314 12.2 Materials and Methods 314 12.3 Results and Discussion 318 12.4 Conclusion 330 Acknowledgments 330 References 331 13 Cellulose: A Smart Material for Water Purification 335 Bharti Arora, Eun Ha Choi, Masaharu Shiratani, and Pankaj Attri 13.1 Introduction 336 13.2 Cellulose: Smart Material for Water Treatment 337 13.3 Conclusion 343 References 343 14 Treatment of Reactive Dyes from Water and Wastewater through Chitosan and its Derivatives 347 Mohammadtaghi Vakili, Mohd Rafatullah, Zahra Gholami and Hossein Farraji 14.1 Introduction 348 14.2 Dyes 349 14.3 Reactive Dyes 350 14.4 Dye Treatment Methods 351 14.5 Adsorption 352 14.6 Adsorbents for Dye Removal 352 14.7 Chitosan 354 14.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 368 Acknowledgement 369 References 369 15 Natural Algal-Based Processes as Smart Approach for Wastewater Treatment 379 D. Annie Jasmine, K.B. Malarmathi, S.C.G. Kiruba Daniel, and S. Malathi 15.1 Introduction 380 15.2 Algal Species Used in Wastewater Treatment 382 15.3 Factors Affecting the Growth of Algae 385 15.4 Microalgae and Wastewater Treatment 388 15.5 Case Study of Algal Approach in the Treatment of Municipal Wastewater 390 15.6 Biofuel from Algae Treated Wastewater 391 15.7 Conclusions 394 Acknowledgment 395 References 395 Index 399

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