Practical Sustainability Strategies

Preface of George P. Nassos xvii Preface of Nikos Avlonas xxi About The Companion Website xxiii Part I Introduction to Sustainability 1 1. Urgency to Adopt Sustainability 3 Creation of the Environment 4 Exceeding the Ecological Footprint 5 The Limits to Growth 7 Consumption Factor 9 Conservation of Water 10 The Depletion of Fossil Fuels 12 Climate Change 13 Population Growth 15 The Environment's Big Four 16 References 16 2. Development of the Sustainability Concept and CSR 19 CSR Today: From Shareholder Value to Stakeholder Value 21 CSR Measuring and Reporting 23 The Sustainable Development Concept Thousands Years Ago 24 References 25 Part II Sustainability Strategies 27 3. Imbedding the UN Sustainable Development Goals to Achieve Sustainability 29 UN 2030 Agenda 30 The 17 Sustainable Development Goals 31 A Real Positive View of the SDGs 37 A Further Look at The SDGs 37 References 38 4. The Natural Step 41 The Four System Conditions for Sustainability 44 System Condition 1-Substances from the Earth's Crust Must Not Systematically Increase in the Ecosphere 44 System Condition 2-Substances Produced by Society Must Not Systematically Increase in the Ecosphere 45 System Condition 3-The Physical Basis for Productivity and Diversity of Nature Must Not Be Systematically Diminished 46 System Condition 4-There Must Be Fair and Efficient Use of Resources with Respect to Meeting Human Needs 46 Scientific Rationale for the Natural Step 47 The Natural Step Recent Projects 48 Interface-The First Company to Adopt the Natural Step 48 VinylPlus-The European PVC Industry's Voluntary Commitment to Sustainable Development 50 Dow Measures Up 52 Nike's Core Values 53 Pratt and Whitney Canada's Sustainability Journey 54 The Circular Economy 55 References 55 5. Eco-Effective Versus Eco-Efficient: Sustainability Versus Being "Less Bad" 57 Fuel Efficiency 58 Computing Efficiency 59 More Durable Brake Pads 60 Increase Polymer Recycling 61 Reduced Sewage Effluent 61 More Efficient Clocks 62 Cradle To Cradle 63 Do Not Take it to the Extreme 66 References 66 6. Servicizing and the Sharing Economy 67 Sell Illumination 69 Sell A Painted Car 70 Sell Floor Comfort and Esthetics 70 Sell Water Treatment Services 71 The Evolution of the Sharing Economy 72 Collaborative Consumption 73 Class Final Projects 74 Medication Delivery 75 Refill Perfume Shop 75 Luggage 75 Home Improvement Paint 76 Nutrient Services 76 Baby Mattresses 76 Seat-Go-Round 77 Bike Helmets 77 Q Card for Better Transportation 77 References 78 7. Adopting Systems Thinking 81 System Elements 82 System Interconnections 82 System Function or Purpose 83 Tunneling Through the Cost Barrier 84 Interface Pipe Design 85 Reducing Oil Imports 87 Reducing Carbon Dioxide Emissions 88 Illegal Immigration 88 Sailboat Design 89 References 90 8. Base of the Pyramid 91 The Great Leap Downward 92 Electrify the Bottom of the Pyramid 95 Hindustan Lever and Nirma 96 BOP Protocol 97 Initiatives by the World Resources Institute 98 Developing the Bottom of the Pyramid 99 Is the Base of the Pyramid a Mirage? 101 References 102 9. Environmental Innovation Through Biomimicry 103 Abalone 104 Spider Silk 105 Bivalves 106 Rhinoceros 107 Fish-Inspired Travel 108 Cheetahs 109 Compact and Efficient Structure 111 Ethanol 113 Color from Structure Rather than Pigments 115 Cricket Sounds 116 Bio-inspired LEDs 117 Lessons from Lavasa 118 Owl Wings Inspire Wind Turbine Blade Design 118 Shaving Razors Inspired by Frog and Cricket Legs 119 Additional Technologies Inspired by Biomimicry 120 Mindful Mining: A Proposal 122 Introduction 122 Business as Usual 123 Business Unusual: Proposed Business Model 123 References 124 10. The Need and Growth of a Circular Economy 127 Kalundborg Symbiosis 128 Earlier Model 129 Terracycle Introduces "LOOP" 130 Designing for the Circular Economy 131 The Ellen MacArthur Foundation 131 Quantity of Waste for the Circular Economy 134 Personal Note 134 References 136 Additional Case Studies 136 11. Addressing Climate Change 137 Energy: Wind Turbines (Onshore) 139 Energy: Solar Farms 140 Materials: Refrigeration 141 Materials: Alternative Cement 142 Food: Reduced Food Waste 142 Food: Plant-Rich Diet 143 Women and Girls: Educating Girls and Family Planning 144 Buildings and Cities: District Heating 145 Buildings and Cities: Insulation 146 Land Use: Tropical Forests 147 Land Use: Temperate Forests 148 Transport: Electric Vehicles 149 Transport: Ships 150 Top 20 Solutions 151 Coming Attractions 152 References 152 12. Adapting and Building Resilience to Climate Change 155 Interconnectedness of Climate Risks in a Globalized World 156 Large-Scale Climatic Shifts 157 Building Resilience 158 Case Study: Mining Company 158 Case Study: Extractives Sector Partners with Government and Communities to Fight Malaria in Mozambique 159 The Strategy Development Process 160 References 162 13. Emergent Technologies for Adaptation 163 No Poverty and Innovation 164 Zero Hunger and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Platforms 165 Good Health, Wellbeing, and Virtual Reality 166 Quality Education, Mixed Realities, and 5G 167 Gender Equality and Mobile Technologies 168 Clean Water Nanotechnology-Sanitation and Smart Cities 168 Affordable Clean Energy and Biofuels 169 Decent Work, Economic Growth, and Future Technologies 169 Industry, Innovation, Infrastructure, Drones, Augmented Reality, and Smart Cities 170 Reducing Inequalities 171 Sustainable Cities and Communities, IoT, and Smart Cities 171 Responsible Consumption and Production 172 Climate Action-Life Below Water-Life on Land 173 Peace, Justice, Strong Institutions, and New Technological Challenges 173 References 173 14. The Circular Economy Through Energy Recovery 177 Understanding Waste Management 177 Waste-to-Energy Systems 180 Incineration 180 Combined Heat and Power (Cogeneration) 181 Combined Heat, Power, and Cooling (Trigeneration) 182 Pyrolysis 183 Gasification 183 Anaerobic Digestion 184 The Challenges of Waste-to-Energy Initiatives 185 The Future of Waste-to-Energy Initiatives 185 References 186 15. Environmentally Effective Buildings 187 Net-Zero Energy Buildings 194 LEED Project Certification Process 195 LEED Accredited Professional 196 Living Building Challenge 197 World's Greenest Building 199 The WELL Building Standard 201 BREEAM 202 Other Building Certifications 202 References 203 16. Green Chemistry, Nanotechnology, and "Big Hairy Audacious Goal" 205 Green Chemistry 205 Nanotechnology 209 "Big Hairy Audacious Goal" 213 Washing Machines 214 Toilets 214 Urban Farming 215 Case Study 218 References 218 17. Sustainable Strategies and Beyond 219 Part III Practical Tools and Guidelines 223 18. Standards and Guidelines for Managing Sustainability (CSR) 225 Need for a Sustainable Strategy 225 Managing Sustainability and Standards 226 Case Study on Sustainable Strategy 228 Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) and Stakeholders 229 GRI Interpretations of Stakeholder Engagement 230 The Stakeholder Reporting Process 230 GRI Tests for Stakeholder Inclusiveness 231 Presentation of Reported Stakeholder Discussions 231 ISO 26000 Framework 233 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) 234 Case Study: BMO Financial Group-2017 Environmental, Social, and Governance Report and Public Accountability Statement 235 Report Extract 235 Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) 238 International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC) 238 Corporate Sustainability Trends 238 Issues for Learning and Discussion 240 References 241 19. The Corporation and its Stakeholders 243 Examining the Stakeholder Concept 243 Stakeholders: Definition-Primary and Secondary Stakeholders 244 Case Study: Campbell Soup Company-2018 Corporate Responsibility Report Extract 245 Stakeholder Engagement 245 Stakeholder Relations and Attributes-Power, Legitimacy, Urgency 248 Case Study: TD-2017 Corporate Responsibility Report Extract 248 Stakeholder Engagement 248 Balancing Stakeholders' Expectations 250 Case Study: Hess Corporation-2017 Sustainability Report Extract 251 Stakeholder Engagement 251 Stakeholder Engagement Process 251 External Stakeholders 252 Materiality Assessment 252 Case Study: Campbell Soup Company-2018 Corporate Responsibility Report Extract 256 Materiality Assessment 256 Benefits from the Corporation's Responsible Behavior: The Sustainability (CSR) Debate 257 The Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Debate 259 Issues for Learning and Discussion 259 References 260 20. Sustainability (CSR or ESG) Reporting 261 Sustainability (CSR or ESG) Reporting 261 Context of Reports 261 Changes Over the Years 262 Hess Corporation 2017 Sustainability Report 263 Approach to Reporting 263 Reporting Standards 263 Materiality 263 Boundary Setting 264 Restatements 265 Assurance 265 Requests for Information 265 Johnson & Johnson 2017 Health for Humanity Report 266 About this Report 266 B Corporation 267 Sustainability in the Supply Chain 267 Sustainability Reports and Impact Investments 268 Sustainability and ESG Ratings 269 Case Study: Marks and Spencer Plan a Report 2018, Plan a 2025 and our Strategy-Helping to Make M&S Special Again 270 Transformation Timeframe 270 References 273 21. Sustainability Metrics for Improving Impact 275 Metrics in the GRI Guidelines 276 Case Study: ABM 2017 Corporate Sustainability Report 276 102-49-Changes in Reporting 276 102-50-Reporting Period 276 102-51-Date of Most Recent Report 276 102-52-Reporting Cycle 277 102-53-Contact Point for Questions Regarding the Report 277 102-54-Claims of Reporting in Accordance with the GRI Standards 277 102-56-External Assurance 277 GRI INDEX 277 ISO 26000 282 Ecological Footprint 282 Metrics for Carbon Footprint 283 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 284 Balanced Scorecard 285 How Metrics of Sustainability Can be Used (e.g., Assessments, Audits) 285 Case Study: The Hartford-2016 Sustainability Report 286 Communities and Giving 286 Diversity and Inclusion 287 Ethics and Governance 287 Environmental Stewardship 288 Stakeholder Metrics and Sustainability 288 Issues for Learning and Discussion 289 References 290 22. Life Cycle Analysis and Carbon Footprint Reduction 291 World Population and Energy Consumption 291 Energy Consumption and Global Warming 291 Climate Change and Carbon Footprint 292 Carbon Emissions and Carbon Footprint 293 LCA and Measuring Carbon Footprint 294 Greenhouse Gas Protocol (WRI) 295 LCA and Product Labels 295 Cases for Carbon Footprint 297 Carbon Offset and the Gold Standard 299 Carbon-Offset-Projects: India, Clean Biogas for 7000 Families 300 Issues for Learning and Discussion 300 References 301 23. Water Footprint 303 Overview 303 Guidelines for Measuring the Water Footprint 304 Water Footprint and LCA 306 Case Study: Coca-Cola Company 307 Replenishing the Water Used 307 Improving Water-Use Efficiency and Reuse in Bottling Plants 308 Water in Agriculture 308 Engaging in Water Policy Reform 308 Nestle 309 Water Footprint Versus Carbon Footprint 310 Issues for Learning and Discussion 311 References 311 24. Green Marketing and Communication and How to Avoid Green and Blue Washing 313 Green Communication and Greenwashing 313 Green Marketing, Communications, and Sustainability 314 Green Marketing 315 Materiality and Sustainability 316 Guidelines for Green Marketing 316 Accuracy 317 Clarity 317 Sustainable Communications Strategy 320 Designing the Sustainability Communications Strategy 320 Conducting an Assessment and Defining the Challenges/Issues 321 Developing a Sustainability Communications Strategy 321 Implementing the Communications Strategy 322 Reinforcing Stakeholder Interaction 322 The Importance of Social Media 323 The Importance of the Company Website 323 Issues for Learning and Discussion 324 References 324 Part IV Conclusion 325 25. Epilogue: Where Do We Go Now? 327 References 329 Index 331

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