HVDC Grids

LIST OF FIGURES xvii LIST OF TABLES xxv CONTRIBUTORS xxvii FOREWORD xxix PREFACE xxxi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxxv ACRONYMS xxxvii PART I HVDC GRIDS IN THE ENERGY VISION OF THE FUTURE CHAPTER 1 DRIVERS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF HVDC GRIDS 3 Dirk Van Hertem 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 From the Vertically Integrated Industry to Fast Moving Liberalized Market 3 1.3 Drivers for Change 5 1.3.1 Liberalized Energy Market 6 1.4 Investments in the Grid 12 1.5 Towards HVDC Grids 17 1.6 Conclusions 22 CHAPTER 2 ENERGY SCENARIOS: PROJECTIONS ON EUROPE'S FUTURE GENERATION AND LOAD 25 Erik Delarue and Cedric De Jonghe 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 System Setting 26 2.3 Scenarios for Europe's Energy Provision 34 2.4 Conclusions 40 PART II HVDC TECHNOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY FOR OFFSHORE GRIDS CHAPTER 3 HVDC TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW 45 Gen Li, Chuanyue Li, and Dirk Van Hertem 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 LCC-HVDC Systems 45 3.3 LCC-HVDC Converter Station Technology 51 3.4 VSC-HVDC Systems 53 3.5 VSC-HVDC Converter Station Technology 53 3.6 Transmission Lines 72 3.7 Conclusions 76 CHAPTER 4 COMPARISON OF HVAC AND HVDC TECHNOLOGIES 79 Hakan Ergun and Dirk Van Hertem 4.1 Introduction 79 4.2 Current Technology Limits 79 4.3 Technical Comparison 82 4.4 Economic Comparison 87 4.5 Conclusions 94 CHAPTER 5 WIND TURBINE TECHNOLOGIES 97 Eduardo Prieto-Araujo and Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt 5.1 Introduction 97 5.2 Parts of the Wind Turbine 98 5.3 Wind Turbine Types 99 5.4 Conclusions 107 CHAPTER 6 OFFSHORE WIND POWER PLANTS (OWPPS) 109 Mikel De Prada-Gil, Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia, Francisco Diaz-Gonzalez, and Andreas Sumper 6.1 Introduction 109 6.2 AC OWPPs 111 6.3 DC OWPPs 130 6.4 Other OWPPs Proposals 135 6.5 Conclusions 138 PART III PLANNING AND OPERATION OF HVDC GRIDS CHAPTER 7 HVDC GRID PLANNING 143 Hakan Ergun and Dirk Van Hertem 7.1 Context of Transmission System Planning 143 7.2 Transmission Expansion Optimization Methodologies 152 7.3 Specialties of Grid Planning with HVDC Technology 155 7.4 Illustrative Examples 157 CHAPTER 8 HVDC GRID LAYOUTS 171 Jun Liang, Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt, and Dirk Van Hertem 8.1 What is an HVDC Grid? 172 8.2 HVDC Grid Topologies 172 8.3 Topologies of HVDC Grids for Offshore Wind Power Transmission 176 8.4 HVDC Converter Station Configuration 183 8.5 Substation Configuration 189 8.6 Conclusions 189 CHAPTER 9 GOVERNANCE MODELS FOR FUTURE GRIDS 193 Muhajir Tadesse Mekonnen, Diyun Huang, and Kristof De Vos 9.1 Introduction 193 9.2 Transmission Grid Planning 194 9.3 Transmission Grid Ownership 197 9.4 Transmission Grid Financing 201 9.5 Transmission Grid Pricing 204 9.6 Transmission Grid Operation 208 9.7 Conclusions 210 CHAPTER 10 POWER SYSTEM OPERATIONS WITH HVDC GRIDS 213 Dirk Van Hertem, Robert H. Renner, and Johan Rimez 10.1 Introduction 213 10.2 Who Operates the HVDC Link or Grid? 214 10.3 Reliability Considerations in Systems with HVDC 217 10.4 Managing Energy Unbalances in the System 223 10.5 Active and Reactive Power Control 226 10.6 Ancillary Services 230 10.7 Grid Codes 235 10.8 Conclusions 235 CHAPTER 11 OPERATION AND CONTROL OF OFFSHORE WIND POWER PLANTS 239 Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt and Monica Aragues-Penalba 11.1 Introduction 239 11.2 System Under Analysis 240 11.3 Control and Protection Requirements 240 11.4 Wind Power Plant Control Structure 245 11.5 Dynamic Simulation of a Simplified Example 249 11.6 Conclusions 254 PART IV MODELING HVDC GRIDS CHAPTER 12 MODELS FOR HVDC GRIDS 257 Jef Beerten and Dirk Van Hertem 12.1 Introduction 257 12.2 Power System Computation Programs 257 12.3 Modeling Power Electronic Converters 258 12.4 HVDC Grids Modeling Challenges 262 12.5 Conclusions 264 CHAPTER 13 POWER FLOW MODELING OF HYBRID AC/DC SYSTEMS 267 Jef Beerten 13.1 Introduction 267 13.2 Simplified Power Flow Modeling 268 13.3 Detailed Power Flow Modeling 272 13.4 Sequential AC/DC Power Flow 279 13.5 Software Implementation 289 13.6 Test Case 289 13.7 Conclusions 290 CHAPTER 14 OPTIMAL POWER FLOW MODELING OF HYBRID AC/DC SYSTEMS 293 Johan Rimez 14.1 Introduction 293 14.2 Optimal Power Flow: Standard Formulation and Extension 293 14.3 Optimal Power Flow with DC Grids and Converters 299 14.4 Adding Security Constraints 306 14.5 Conclusions 313 CHAPTER 15 CONTROL PRINCIPLES OF HVDC GRIDS 315 Jef Beerten, Agusti Egea, and Til Kristian Vrana 15.1 Introduction 315 15.2 Basic Control Principles 316 15.3 Basic Converter Control Strategies 318 15.4 Advanced Converter Control Strategies 321 15.5 Basic Grid Control Strategies 324 15.6 Advanced Grid Control Strategies 325 15.7 Converter Inner Current Control 326 15.8 System Power Flow Control 328 15.9 Conclusions 330 CHAPTER 16 STATE-SPACE REPRESENTATION OF HVDC GRIDS 333 Eduardo Prieto-Araujo and Fernando Bianchi 16.1 Introduction 333 16.2 Multi-Terminal Grid Modeling 333 16.3 Four-Terminal Grid Example 339 16.4 Conclusions 343 CHAPTER 17 DC FAULT PHENOMENA AND DC GRID PROTECTION 345 Willem Leterme and Dirk Van Hertem 17.1 Introduction 345 17.2 Short-Circuit Faults in the DC Grid 346 17.3 DC Grid Protection 361 17.4 DC Protection Components 366 17.5 Conclusions 368 CHAPTER 18 REAL-TIME SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS OF DC GRIDS 371 Oluwole Daniel Adeuyi and Marc Cheah 18.1 Introduction 371 18.2 Real-Time Simulation in Power Systems 375 18.3 Design of Experimental Test Rig 379 18.4 Potential Applications of HIL Tests in DC Grids 386 PART V APPLICATIONS CHAPTER 19 POWER SYSTEM OSCILLATION DAMPING BY MEANS OF VSC-HVDC SYSTEMS 391 Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia and Carlos E. Ugalde-Loo 19.1 Introduction 391 19.2 Power System Stability 392 19.3 VSC-HVDC Systems Damping Contribution: Application Examples 397 19.4 Conclusions 409 CHAPTER 20 OPTIMAL DROOP CONTROL OF MULTI-TERMINAL VSC-HVDC GRIDS 413 Fernando D. Bianchi and Eduardo Prieto-Araujo 20.1 Introduction 413 20.2 Control of Multi-Terminal VSC-HVDC Grids 414 20.3 Time-Varying Description for Droop Control Design 418 20.4 Design of Optimal Control Droops 421 20.5 Four-Terminal VSC-HVDC Network Example 422 20.6 Conclusions 426 CHAPTER 21 DC GRID POWER FLOW CONTROL DEVICES 429 Chunmei Feng, Sheng Wang, and Qing Mu 21.1 DC Power Flow Control Devices (DCPFC) 430 21.2 Generic Modeling of DC Power Flow Control Devices 437 21.3 Sensitivity Analysis of DCPFC in DC Grid 438 21.4 Case Study of Power Flow Control Devices in DC Grids 441 21.5 Control Sensitivity of DCPFC in DC Grids 444 21.6 Comparison of Power Control Devices 448 21.7 Conclusions 450 CHAPTER 22 MODELING AND CONTROL OF OFFSHORE AC HUB 451 Xiaobo Hu, Jun Liang, and Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia 22.1 Reasons for Developing AC Hub 451 22.2 What is the AC Hub? 452 22.3 Frequency-Dependent Modeling of AC Hub Components 455 22.4 AC Hub Control Using Variable Frequency 460 22.5 Conclusions 469

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• Geração e distribuição de energia