Energy Production Systems Engineering

LIST OF FIGURES xiii LIST OF TABLES xxi LIST OF ANNEX xxv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxvii INTRODUCTION xxix CHAPTER 1 ELECTRICAL SAFETY 1 Installation Safety Requirements General Industry (NEC(R)) 5 Installation Safety Requirements Special Industry Utility (NESC) 7 Safe Work Practice Requirements 11 Electrical PPE 15 ARC Flash Analysis Utilizing NFPA 70E Tables 21 Hazardous/Classified Areas 25 Classified Area Class System 26 Classified Area Zone System 32 Boiler Control and Burner Management 34 Glossary of Terms 37 Problems 39 Recommended Reading 41 CHAPTER 2 BASIC THERMAL CYCLES 43 Steam Thermodynamic Analysis Fundamentals 43 Pressure, Temperature, and Volume Relationships 60 Heat Rate 70 Gas Thermodynamic Analysis Fundamentals 72 Glossary of Terms 77 Problems 78 Recommended Reading 81 CHAPTER 3 BOILERS AND STEAM GENERATORS 83 Air Preheater 95 Cooling Towers 98 Glossary of Terms 102 Problems 104 Recommended Reading 105 CHAPTER 4 FOSSIL FUELS AND THE BASIC COMBUSTION PROCESS 107 Combustible Fuel 107 Oxygen 108 Fossil Fuels 115 Natural Gas 118 Fuel Oil 119 Glossary of Terms 120 Problems 122 Recommended Reading 122 CHAPTER 5 HYDRAULIC TURBINES 123 Hydraulic Reaction Turbines 127 Hydraulic Impulse Turbines 128 Kinetic Energy Hydraulic Turbines 128 Glossary of Terms 129 Problems 130 Recommended Reading 130 CHAPTER 6 NUCLEAR POWER 131 Boiling Water Reactor 137 Pressurized Water Reactor 139 Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor 142 Pressure Tube Graphite Reactor 142 High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor 143 Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor 143 Nuclear Power Safety 143 Units of Activity 147 Units of Exposure 148 Glossary of Terms 151 Problems 154 Recommended Reading 157 CHAPTER 7 CONVEYORS 159 Belt Conveyor 161 Pneumatic Conveyor Systems 171 Rotary Screw Conveyor System 171 Vibrating Conveyor System 171 Conveyor Safety 172 Glossary of Terms 172 Problems 173 Recommended Reading 174 CHAPTER 8 FANS 175 Centrifugal Fan (Radial Airflow) 176 Axial Fan (Axial Airflow) 183 Centrifugal Fan Fundamental Laws 183 Glossary of Terms 185 Problems 186 Recommended Reading 187 CHAPTER 9 PUMPS 189 System Resistance Curves 189 Centrifugal Pump 195 Axial Flow Pump 204 Positive Displacement Pump 205 Glossary of Terms 206 Problems 207 Recommended Reading 207 CHAPTER 10 CONDENSER COOLING SYSTEM 209 Condenser Cooling 209 Condenser Operation 213 Condenser Safety Precautions 214 Glossary of Terms 215 Problems 216 Recommended Reading 216 CHAPTER 11 STEAM TURBINES 217 Turbine Safety 231 Turbine Vibration 233 Glossary of Terms 239 Problems 241 Recommended Reading 243 CHAPTER 12 GAS TURBINES 245 Glossary of Terms 255 Problems 256 Recommended Reading 257 CHAPTER 13 RECIPROCATING ENGINES 259 Glossary of Terms 269 Problems 271 Recommended Reading 272 CHAPTER 14 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM 273 Distribution System Configuration 277 Enclosures 283 Busway Applications 284 Cables 289 Cable Testing 313 Megger Testing 313 High Potential Testing 314 Acceptance 317 Cathodic Protection 317 Glossary of Terms 319 Problems 321 Recommended Reading 324 CHAPTER 15 TRANSFORMERS AND REACTORS 325 Glossary of Terms 345 Problems 346 Recommended Reading 347 CHAPTER 16 GENERATORS 349 Generator Protection 383 Glossary of Terms 386 Problems 388 Recommended Reading 389 CHAPTER 17 MOTORS 391 Reduced Voltage Starting Methods 416 Glossary of Terms 435 Problems 437 Recommended Reading 439 CHAPTER 18 VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE SYSTEMS 441 Harmonics 458 Glossary of Terms 465 Problems 465 Recommended Reading 466 CHAPTER 19 SWITCHGEAR 467 Glossary of Terms 480 Problems 481 Recommended Reading 482 CHAPTER 20 BATTERY/VITAL BUS SYSTEMS 483 Design of Battery Systems (DC System Load and Battery Capacity) 489 Design of Battery Systems (Battery Charger) 496 Glossary of Terms 497 Problems 498 Recommended Reading 498 CHAPTER 21 GROUND SYSTEM 499 Ungrounded System 500 Resistance Grounded System 503 Reactance Grounded System 504 Solidly Grounded System 506 Glossary of Terms 513 Problems 514 Recommended Reading 515 CHAPTER 22 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM PROTECTION AND COORDINATION 517 Glossary of Terms 531 Problems 532 Recommended Reading 533 CHAPTER 23 CONTROL SYSTEMS 535 Glossary of Terms 554 Problems 555 Recommended Reading 556 CHAPTER 24 INSTRUMENTS AND METERS 557 Temperature 561 Flow 566 Pressure 568 Level 570 Instrument Identification Standards 584 Glossary of Terms 599 Problems 599 Recommended Reading 602 CHAPTER 25 VALVES AND ACTUATORS 603 Valve Types 607 Ball Valve 607 Check Valve 609 Gate Valve 610 Globe Valve 611 Relief Valve 612 Valve Losses 613 Glossary of Terms 621 Problems 622 Recommended Reading 623 CHAPTER 26 EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEMS 625 Particulate Emission Control 626 Nitrogen Oxides Emissions Control 628 Combustion Control of Nox 629 Post-Combustion Control of NOx 630 Sulfur Dioxide Emissions Control (Scrubber) 632 Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS) 635 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Greenhouse Gas Emission Control 636 Glossary of Terms 644 Problems 645 Recommended Reading 646 CHAPTER 27 WATER TREATMENT 647 Flow 650 Areas and Volumes 652 Volume 652 Detention Time 654 Dosage 654 Process Removal Efficiency 655 Pump Calculations 656 Glossary of Terms 659 Problems 659 Recommended Reading 661 CHAPTER 28 SOLAR AND WIND ENERGY 663 Wind Energy 663 Thermal Solar Energy 666 Parabolic Trough Solar Field Technology 667 Solar Power Towers 669 Dish System 670 Photovoltaic Solar Energy 670 Glossary of Terms 678 Problems 679 Recommended Reading 679 ANNEXES 681 INDEX 783

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• Geração e distribuição de energia