Electromagnetic Wave Propagation, Radiation, and Scattering
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Electromagnetic Wave Propagation, Radiation, and Scattering
From Fundamentals to Applications
John Wiley & Sons Inc
08/2017
968
Dura
Inglês
9781118098813
15 a 20 dias
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CONTENTS ABOUT THE AUTHOR xix PREFACE xxi PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION xxv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxvii PART I FUNDAMENTALS 1 1 INTRODUCTION 3 2 FUNDAMENTAL FIELD EQUATIONS 7 2.1 Maxwell's Equations / 7 2.2 Time-Harmonic Case / 10 2.3 Constitutive Relations / 11 2.4 Boundary Conditions / 15 2.5 Energy Relations and Poynting's Theorem / 18 2.6 Vector and Scalar Potentials / 22 2.7 Electric Hertz Vector / 24 2.8 Duality Principle and Symmetry of Maxwell's Equations / 25 2.9 Magnetic Hertz Vector / 26 2.10 Uniqueness Theorem / 27 2.11 Reciprocity Theorem / 28 2.12 Acoustic Waves / 30 Problems / 33 3 WAVES IN INHOMOGENEOUS AND LAYERED MEDIA 35 3.1 Wave Equation for a Time-Harmonic Case / 35 3.2 Time-Harmonic Plane-Wave Propagation in Homogeneous Media / 36 3.3 Polarization / 37 3.4 Plane-Wave Incidence on a Plane Boundary: Perpendicular Polarization (s Polarization) / 39 3.5 Electric Field Parallel to a Plane of Incidence: Parallel Polarization (p Polarization) / 43 3.6 Fresnel Formula, Brewster's Angle, and Total Reflection / 44 3.7 Waves in Layered Media / 47 3.8 Acoustic Reflection and Transmission from a Boundary / 50 3.9 Complex Waves / 51 3.10 Trapped Surface Wave (Slow Wave) and Leaky Wave / 54 3.11 Surface Waves Along a Dielectric Slab / 57 3.12 Zenneck Waves and Plasmons / 63 3.13 Waves in Inhomogeneous Media / 66 3.14 WKB Method / 68 3.15 Bremmer Series / 72 3.16 WKB Solution for the Turning Point / 76 3.17 Trapped Surface-Wave Modes in an Inhomogeneous Slab / 77 3.18 Medium With Prescribed Profile / 80 Problems / 81 4 WAVEGUIDES AND CAVITIES 85 4.1 Uniform Electromagnetic Waveguides / 85 4.2 TM Modes or E Modes / 86 4.3 TE Modes or H Modes / 87 4.4 Eigenfunctions and Eigenvalues / 89 4.5 General Properties of Eigenfunctions for Closed Regions / 91 4.6 k- Diagram and Phase and Group Velocities / 95 4.7 Rectangular Waveguides / 98 4.8 Cylindrical Waveguides / 100 4.9 TEM Modes / 104 4.10 Dispersion of a Pulse in a Waveguide / 106 4.11 Step-Index Optical Fibers / 109 4.12 Dispersion of Graded-Index Fibers / 116 4.13 Radial and Azimuthal Waveguides / 117 4.14 Cavity Resonators / 120 4.15 Waves in Spherical Structures / 123 4.16 Spherical Waveguides and Cavities / 128 Problems / 133 5 GREEN'S FUNCTIONS 137 5.1 Electric and Magnetic Dipoles in Homogeneous Media / 137 5.2 Electromagnetic Fields Excited by an Electric Dipole in a Homogeneous Medium / 139 5.3 Electromagnetic Fields Excited by a Magnetic Dipole in a Homogeneous Medium / 144 5.4 Scalar Green's Function for Closed Regions and Expansion of Green's Function in a Series of Eigenfunctions / 145 5.5 Green's Function in Terms of Solutions of the Homogeneous Equation / 150 5.6 Fourier Transform Method / 155 5.7 Excitation of a Rectangular Waveguide / 157 5.8 Excitation of a Conducting Cylinder / 159 5.9 Excitation of a Conducting Sphere / 163 Problems / 166 6 RADIATION FROM APERTURES AND BEAM WAVES 169 6.1 Huygens' Principle and Extinction Theorem / 169 6.2 Fields Due to the Surface Field Distribution / 173 6.3 Kirchhoff Approximation / 176 6.4 Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction / 178 6.5 Fourier Transform (Spectral) Representation / 182 6.6 Beam Waves / 183 6.7 Goos-Hanchen Effect / 187 6.8 Higher-Order Beam-Wave Modes / 191 6.9 Vector Green's Theorem, Stratton-Chu Formula, and Franz Formula / 194 6.10 Equivalence Theorem / 197 6.11 Kirchhoff Approximation for Electromagnetic Waves / 198 Problems / 199 7 PERIODIC STRUCTURES AND COUPLED-MODE THEORY 201 7.1 Floquet's Theorem / 202 7.2 Guided Waves Along Periodic Structures / 203 7.3 Periodic Layers / 209 7.4 Plane Wave Incidence on a Periodic Structure / 213 7.5 Scattering from Periodic Surfaces Based on the Rayleigh Hypothesis / 219 7.6 Coupled-Mode Theory / 224 Problems / 229 8 DISPERSION AND ANISOTROPIC MEDIA 233 8.1 Dielectric Material and Polarizability / 233 8.2 Dispersion of Dielectric Material / 235 8.3 Dispersion of Conductor and Isotropic Plasma / 237 8.4 Debye Relaxation Equation and Dielectric Constant of Water / 240 8.5 Interfacial Polarization / 240 8.6 Mixing Formula / 241 8.7 Dielectric Constant and Permeability for Anisotropic Media / 244 8.8 Magnetoionic Theory for Anisotropic Plasma / 244 8.9 Plane-Wave Propagation in Anisotropic Media / 247 8.10 Plane-Wave Propagation in Magnetoplasma / 248 8.11 Propagation Along the DC Magnetic Field / 249 8.12 Faraday Rotation / 253 8.13 Propagation Perpendicular to the DC Magnetic Field / 255 8.14 The Height of the Ionosphere / 256 8.15 Group Velocity in Anisotropic Medium / 257 8.16 Warm Plasma / 259 8.17 Wave Equations for Warm Plasma / 261 8.18 Ferrite and the Derivation of Its Permeability Tensor / 263 8.19 Plane-Wave Propagation in Ferrite / 266 8.20 Microwave Devices Using Ferrites / 267 8.21 Lorentz Reciprocity Theorem for Anisotropic Media / 270 8.22 Bi-Anisotropic Media and Chiral Media / 272 8.23 Superconductors, London Equation, and the Meissner Effects / 276 8.24 Two-Fluid Model of Superconductors at High Frequencies / 278 Problems / 280 9 ANTENNAS, APERTURES, AND ARRAYS 285 9.1 Antenna Fundamentals / 285 9.2 Radiation Fields of Given Electric and Magnetic Current Distributions / 289 9.3 Radiation Fields of Dipoles, Slots, and Loops / 292 9.4 Antenna Arrays with Equal and Unequal Spacings / 296 9.5 Radiation Fields from a Given Aperture Field Distribution / 301 9.6 Radiation from Microstrip Antennas / 305 9.7 Self- and Mutual Impedances of Wire Antennas with Given Current Distributions / 308 9.8 Current Distribution of a Wire Antenna / 313 Problems / 314 10 SCATTERING OF WAVES BY CONDUCTING AND DIELECTRIC OBJECTS 317 10.1 Cross Sections and Scattering Amplitude / 318 10.2 Radar Equations / 321 10.3 General Properties of Cross Sections / 322 10.4 Integral Representations of Scattering Amplitude and Absorption Cross Sections / 325 10.5 Rayleigh Scattering for a Spherical Object / 328 10.6 Rayleigh Scattering for a Small Ellipsoidal Object / 330 10.7 Rayleigh-Debye Scattering (Born Approximation) / 334 10.8 Elliptic Polarization and Stokes Parameters / 338 10.9 Partial Polarization and Natural Light / 341 10.10 Scattering Amplitude Functions f11, f12, f21, and f22 and the Stokes Matrix / 342 10.11 Acoustic Scattering / 344 10.12 Scattering Cross Section of a Conducting Body / 346 10.13 Physical Optics Approximation / 347 10.14 Moment Method: Computer Applications / 350 Problems / 354 11 WAVES IN CYLINDRICAL STRUCTURES, SPHERES, AND WEDGES 357 11.1 Plane Wave Incident on a Conducting Cylinder / 357 11.2 Plane Wave Incident on a Dielectric Cylinder / 361 11.3 Axial Dipole Near a Conducting Cylinder / 364 11.4 Radiation Field / 366 11.5 Saddle-Point Technique / 368 11.6 Radiation from a Dipole and Parseval's Theorem / 371 11.7 Large Cylinders and the Watson Transform / 373 11.8 Residue Series Representation and Creeping Waves / 376 11.9 Poisson's Sum Formula, Geometric Optical Region, and Fock Representation / 379 11.10 Mie Scattering by a Dielectric Sphere / 382 11.11 Axial Dipole in the Vicinity of a Conducting Wedge / 390 11.12 Line Source and Plane Wave Incident on a Wedge / 392 11.13 Half-Plane Excited by a Plane Wave / 394 Problems / 395 12 SCATTERING BY COMPLEX OBJECTS 401 12.1 Scalar Surface Integral Equations for Soft and Hard Surfaces / 402 12.2 Scalar Surface Integral Equations for a Penetrable Homogeneous Body / 404 12.3 EFIE and MFIE / 406 12.4 T-Matrix Method (Extended Boundary Condition Method) / 408 12.5 Symmetry and Unitarity of the T-Matrix and the Scattering Matrix / 414 12.6 T-Matrix Solution for Scattering from Periodic Sinusoidal Surfaces / 416 12.7 Volume Integral Equations for Inhomogeneous Bodies: TM Case / 418 12.8 Volume Integral Equations for Inhomogeneous Bodies: TE Case / 423 12.9 Three-Dimensional Dielectric Bodies / 426 12.10 Electromagnetic Aperture Integral Equations for a Conducting Screen / 427 12.11 Small Apertures / 430 12.12 Babinet's Principle and Slot and Wire Antennas / 433 12.13 Electromagnetic Diffraction by Slits and Ribbons / 439 12.14 Related Problems / 441 Problems / 441 13 GEOMETRIC THEORY OF DIFFRACTION AND LOW FREQUENCY TECHNIQUES 443 13.1 Geometric Theory of Diffraction / 444 13.2 Diffraction by a Slit for Dirichlet's Problem / 447 13.3 Diffraction by a Slit for Neumann's Problem and Slope Diffraction / 452 13.4 Uniform Geometric Theory of Diffraction for an Edge / 455 13.5 Edge Diffraction for a Point Source / 457 13.6 Wedge Diffraction for a Point Source / 461 13.7 Slope Diffraction and Grazing Incidence / 463 13.8 Curved Wedge / 463 13.9 Other High-Frequency Techniques / 465 13.10 Vertex and Surface Diffraction / 466 13.11 Low-Frequency Scattering / 467 Problems / 470 14 PLANAR LAYERS, STRIP LINES, PATCHES, AND APERTURES 473 14.1 Excitation of Waves in a Dielectric Slab / 473 14.2 Excitation of Waves in a Vertically Inhomogeneous Medium / 481 14.3 Strip Lines / 485 14.4 Waves Excited by Electric and Magnetic Currents Perpendicular to Dielectric Layers / 492 14.5 Waves Excited by Transverse Electric and Magnetic Currents in Dielectric Layers / 496 14.6 Strip Lines Embedded in Dielectric Layers / 500 14.7 Periodic Patches and Apertures Embedded in Dielectric Layers / 502 Problems / 506 15 RADIATION FROM A DIPOLE ON THE CONDUCTING EARTH 509 15.1 Sommerfeld Dipole Problem / 509 15.2 Vertical Electric Dipole Located Above the Earth / 510 15.3 Reflected Waves in Air / 514 15.4 Radiation Field: Saddle-Point Technique / 517 15.5 Field Along the Surface and the Singularities of the Integrand / 519 15.6 Sommerfeld Pole and Zenneck Wave / 521 15.7 Solution to the Sommerfeld Problem / 524 15.8 Lateral Waves: Branch Cut Integration / 528 15.9 Refracted Wave / 536 15.10 Radiation from a Horizontal Dipole / 538 15.11 Radiation in Layered Media / 541 15.12 Geometric Optical Representation / 545 15.13 Mode and Lateral Wave Representation / 549 Problems / 550 PART II APPLICATIONS 553 16 INVERSE SCATTERING 555 16.1 Radon Transform and Tomography / 555 16.2 Alternative Inverse Radon Transform in Terms of the Hilbert Transform / 559 16.3 Diffraction Tomography / 561 16.4 Physical Optics Inverse Scattering / 567 16.5 Holographic Inverse Source Problem / 570 16.6 Inverse Problems and Abel's Integral Equation Applied to Probing of the Ionosphere / 572 16.7 Radar Polarimetry and Radar Equation / 575 16.8 Optimization of Polarization / 578 16.9 Stokes Vector Radar Equation and Polarization Signature / 580 16.10 Measurement of Stokes Parameter / 582 Problems / 584 17 RADIOMETRY, NOISE TEMPERATURE, AND INTERFEROMETRY 587 17.1 Radiometry / 587 17.2 Brightness and Flux Density / 588 17.3 Blackbody Radiation and Antenna Temperature / 589 17.4 Equation of Radiative Transfer / 592 17.5 Scattering Cross Sections and Absorptivity and Emissivity of a Surface / 594 17.6 System Temperature / 598 17.7 Minimum Detectable Temperature / 600 17.8 Radar Range Equation / 601 17.9 Aperture Illumination and Brightness Distributions / 602 17.10 Two-Antenna Interferometer / 604 Problems / 607 18 STOCHASTIC WAVE THEORIES 611 18.1 Stochastic Wave Equations and Statistical Wave Theories / 612 18.2 Scattering in Troposphere, Ionosphere, and Atmospheric Optics / 612 18.3 Turbid Medium, Radiative Transfer, and Reciprocity / 612 18.4 Stochastic Sommerfeld Problem, Seismic Coda, and Subsurface Imaging / 613 18.5 Stochastic Green's Function and Stochastic Boundary Problems / 615 18.6 Channel Capacity of Communication Systems with Random Media Mutual Coherence Function / 619 18.7 Integration of Statistical Waves with Other Disciplines / 621 18.8 Some Accounts of Historical Development of Statistical Wave Theories / 622 19 GEOPHYSICAL REMOTE SENSING AND IMAGING 625 19.1 Polarimetric Radar / 626 19.2 Scattering Models for Geophysical Medium and Decomposition Theorem / 630 19.3 Polarimetric Weather Radar / 632 19.4 Nonspherical Raindrops and Differential Reflectivity / 634 19.5 Propagation Constant in Randomly Distributed Nonspherical Particles / 636 19.6 Vector Radiative Transfer Theory / 638 19.7 Space-Time Radiative Transfer / 639 19.8 Wigner Distribution Function and Specific Intensity / 641 19.9 Stokes Vector Emissivity from Passive Surface and Ocean Wind Directions / 644 19.10 Van Cittert-Zernike Theorem Applied to Aperture Synthesis Radiometers Including Antenna Temperature / 646 19.11 Ionospheric Effects on SAR Image / 650 20 BIOMEDICAL EM, OPTICS, AND ULTRASOUND 657 20.1 Bioelectromagnetics / 658 20.2 Bio-EM and Heat Diffusion in Tissues / 659 20.3 Bio-Optics, Optical Absorption and Scattering in Blood / 663 20.4 Optical Diffusion in Tissues / 666 20.5 Photon Density Waves / 670 20.6 Optical Coherence Tomography and Low Coherence Interferometry / 672 20.7 Ultrasound Scattering and Imaging of Tissues / 677 20.8 Ultrasound in Blood / 680 21 WAVES IN METAMATERIALS AND PLASMON 685 21.1 Refractive Index n and - Diagram / 686 21.2 Plane Waves, Energy Relations, and Group Velocity / 688 21.3 Split-Ring Resonators / 689 21.4 Generalized Constitutive Relations for Metamaterials / 692 21.5 Space-Time Wave Packet Incident on Dispersive Metamaterial and Negative Refraction / 697 21.6 Backward Lateral Waves and Backward Surface Waves / 701 21.7 Negative Goos-Hanchen Shift / 704 21.8 Perfect Lens, Subwavelength Focusing, and Evanescent Waves / 708 21.9 Brewster's Angle in NIM and Acoustic Brewster's Angle / 712 21.10 Transformation Electromagnetics and Invisible Cloak / 716 21.11 Surface Flattening Coordinate Transform / 720 22 TIME-REVERSAL IMAGING 723 22.1 Time-Reversal Mirror in Free Space / 724 22.2 Super Resolution of Time-Reversed Pulse in Multiple Scattering Medium / 729 22.3 Time-Reversal Imaging of Single and Multiple Targets and DORT (Decomposition of Time-Reversal Operator) / 731 22.4 Time-Reversal Imaging of Targets in Free Space / 735 22.5 Time-Reversal Imaging and SVD (Singular Value Decomposition) / 739 22.6 Time-Reversal Imaging with MUSIC (Multiple Signal Classification) / 739 22.7 Optimum Power Transfer by Time-Reversal Technique / 740 23 SCATTERING BY TURBULENCE, PARTICLES, DIFFUSE MEDIUM, AND ROUGH SURFACES 743 23.1 Scattering by Atmospheric and Ionospheric Turbulence / 743 23.2 Scattering Cross Section per Unit Volume of Turbulence / 746 23.3 Scattering for a Narrow Beam Case / 748 23.4 Scattering Cross Section Per Unit Volume of Rain and Fog / 750 23.5 Gaussian and Henyey-Greenstein Scattering Formulas / 751 23.6 Scattering Cross Section Per Unit Volume of Turbulence, Particles, and Biological Media / 752 23.7 Line-of-Sight Propagation, Born and Rytov Approximation / 753 23.8 Modified Rytov Solution with Power Conservation, and Mutual Coherence Function / 754 23.9 MCF for Line-of-Sight Wave Propagation in Turbulence / 756 23.10 Correlation Distance and Angular Spectrum / 759 23.11 Coherence Time and Spectral Broadening / 760 23.12 Pulse Propagation, Coherence Bandwidth, and Pulse Broadening / 761 23.13 Weak and Strong Fluctuations and Scintillation Index / 762 23.14 Rough Surface Scattering, Perturbation Solution, Transition Operator / 765 23.15 Scattering by Rough Interfaces Between Two Media / 771 23.16 Kirchhoff Approximation of Rough Surface Scattering / 774 23.17 Frequency and Angular Correlation of Scattered Waves from Rough Surfaces and Memory Effects / 779 24 COHERENCE IN MULTIPLE SCATTERING AND DIAGRAM METHOD 785 24.1 Enhanced Radar Cross Section in Turbulence / 786 24.2 Enhanced Backscattering from Rough Surfaces / 787 24.3 Enhanced Backscattering from Particles and Photon Localization / 789 24.4 Multiple Scattering Formulations, the Dyson and Bethe-Salpeter Equations / 791 24.5 First-Order Smoothing Approximation / 793 24.6 First- and Second-Order Scattering and Backscattering Enhancement / 794 24.7 Memory Effects / 795 25 SOLITONS AND OPTICAL FIBERS 797 25.1 History / 797 25.2 KDV (Korteweg-De Vries) Equation for Shallow Water / 799 25.3 Optical Solitons in Fibers / 802 26 POROUS MEDIA, PERMITTIVITY, FLUID PERMEABILITY OF SHALES AND SEISMIC CODA 807 26.1 Porous Medium and Shale, Superfracking / 808 26.2 Permittivity and Conductivity of Porous Media, Archie's Law, and Percolation and Fractal / 809 26.3 Fluid Permeability and Darcy's Law / 811 26.4 Seismic Coda, P-Wave, S-Wave, and Rayleigh Surface Wave / 812 26.5 Earthquake Magnitude Scales / 813 26.6 Waveform Envelope Broadening and Coda / 814 26.7 Coda in Heterogeneous Earth Excited by an Impulse Source / 815 26.8 S-wave Coda and Rayleigh Surface Wave / 819 APPENDICES 821 REFERENCES 913 INDEX 929
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CONTENTS ABOUT THE AUTHOR xix PREFACE xxi PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION xxv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxvii PART I FUNDAMENTALS 1 1 INTRODUCTION 3 2 FUNDAMENTAL FIELD EQUATIONS 7 2.1 Maxwell's Equations / 7 2.2 Time-Harmonic Case / 10 2.3 Constitutive Relations / 11 2.4 Boundary Conditions / 15 2.5 Energy Relations and Poynting's Theorem / 18 2.6 Vector and Scalar Potentials / 22 2.7 Electric Hertz Vector / 24 2.8 Duality Principle and Symmetry of Maxwell's Equations / 25 2.9 Magnetic Hertz Vector / 26 2.10 Uniqueness Theorem / 27 2.11 Reciprocity Theorem / 28 2.12 Acoustic Waves / 30 Problems / 33 3 WAVES IN INHOMOGENEOUS AND LAYERED MEDIA 35 3.1 Wave Equation for a Time-Harmonic Case / 35 3.2 Time-Harmonic Plane-Wave Propagation in Homogeneous Media / 36 3.3 Polarization / 37 3.4 Plane-Wave Incidence on a Plane Boundary: Perpendicular Polarization (s Polarization) / 39 3.5 Electric Field Parallel to a Plane of Incidence: Parallel Polarization (p Polarization) / 43 3.6 Fresnel Formula, Brewster's Angle, and Total Reflection / 44 3.7 Waves in Layered Media / 47 3.8 Acoustic Reflection and Transmission from a Boundary / 50 3.9 Complex Waves / 51 3.10 Trapped Surface Wave (Slow Wave) and Leaky Wave / 54 3.11 Surface Waves Along a Dielectric Slab / 57 3.12 Zenneck Waves and Plasmons / 63 3.13 Waves in Inhomogeneous Media / 66 3.14 WKB Method / 68 3.15 Bremmer Series / 72 3.16 WKB Solution for the Turning Point / 76 3.17 Trapped Surface-Wave Modes in an Inhomogeneous Slab / 77 3.18 Medium With Prescribed Profile / 80 Problems / 81 4 WAVEGUIDES AND CAVITIES 85 4.1 Uniform Electromagnetic Waveguides / 85 4.2 TM Modes or E Modes / 86 4.3 TE Modes or H Modes / 87 4.4 Eigenfunctions and Eigenvalues / 89 4.5 General Properties of Eigenfunctions for Closed Regions / 91 4.6 k- Diagram and Phase and Group Velocities / 95 4.7 Rectangular Waveguides / 98 4.8 Cylindrical Waveguides / 100 4.9 TEM Modes / 104 4.10 Dispersion of a Pulse in a Waveguide / 106 4.11 Step-Index Optical Fibers / 109 4.12 Dispersion of Graded-Index Fibers / 116 4.13 Radial and Azimuthal Waveguides / 117 4.14 Cavity Resonators / 120 4.15 Waves in Spherical Structures / 123 4.16 Spherical Waveguides and Cavities / 128 Problems / 133 5 GREEN'S FUNCTIONS 137 5.1 Electric and Magnetic Dipoles in Homogeneous Media / 137 5.2 Electromagnetic Fields Excited by an Electric Dipole in a Homogeneous Medium / 139 5.3 Electromagnetic Fields Excited by a Magnetic Dipole in a Homogeneous Medium / 144 5.4 Scalar Green's Function for Closed Regions and Expansion of Green's Function in a Series of Eigenfunctions / 145 5.5 Green's Function in Terms of Solutions of the Homogeneous Equation / 150 5.6 Fourier Transform Method / 155 5.7 Excitation of a Rectangular Waveguide / 157 5.8 Excitation of a Conducting Cylinder / 159 5.9 Excitation of a Conducting Sphere / 163 Problems / 166 6 RADIATION FROM APERTURES AND BEAM WAVES 169 6.1 Huygens' Principle and Extinction Theorem / 169 6.2 Fields Due to the Surface Field Distribution / 173 6.3 Kirchhoff Approximation / 176 6.4 Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction / 178 6.5 Fourier Transform (Spectral) Representation / 182 6.6 Beam Waves / 183 6.7 Goos-Hanchen Effect / 187 6.8 Higher-Order Beam-Wave Modes / 191 6.9 Vector Green's Theorem, Stratton-Chu Formula, and Franz Formula / 194 6.10 Equivalence Theorem / 197 6.11 Kirchhoff Approximation for Electromagnetic Waves / 198 Problems / 199 7 PERIODIC STRUCTURES AND COUPLED-MODE THEORY 201 7.1 Floquet's Theorem / 202 7.2 Guided Waves Along Periodic Structures / 203 7.3 Periodic Layers / 209 7.4 Plane Wave Incidence on a Periodic Structure / 213 7.5 Scattering from Periodic Surfaces Based on the Rayleigh Hypothesis / 219 7.6 Coupled-Mode Theory / 224 Problems / 229 8 DISPERSION AND ANISOTROPIC MEDIA 233 8.1 Dielectric Material and Polarizability / 233 8.2 Dispersion of Dielectric Material / 235 8.3 Dispersion of Conductor and Isotropic Plasma / 237 8.4 Debye Relaxation Equation and Dielectric Constant of Water / 240 8.5 Interfacial Polarization / 240 8.6 Mixing Formula / 241 8.7 Dielectric Constant and Permeability for Anisotropic Media / 244 8.8 Magnetoionic Theory for Anisotropic Plasma / 244 8.9 Plane-Wave Propagation in Anisotropic Media / 247 8.10 Plane-Wave Propagation in Magnetoplasma / 248 8.11 Propagation Along the DC Magnetic Field / 249 8.12 Faraday Rotation / 253 8.13 Propagation Perpendicular to the DC Magnetic Field / 255 8.14 The Height of the Ionosphere / 256 8.15 Group Velocity in Anisotropic Medium / 257 8.16 Warm Plasma / 259 8.17 Wave Equations for Warm Plasma / 261 8.18 Ferrite and the Derivation of Its Permeability Tensor / 263 8.19 Plane-Wave Propagation in Ferrite / 266 8.20 Microwave Devices Using Ferrites / 267 8.21 Lorentz Reciprocity Theorem for Anisotropic Media / 270 8.22 Bi-Anisotropic Media and Chiral Media / 272 8.23 Superconductors, London Equation, and the Meissner Effects / 276 8.24 Two-Fluid Model of Superconductors at High Frequencies / 278 Problems / 280 9 ANTENNAS, APERTURES, AND ARRAYS 285 9.1 Antenna Fundamentals / 285 9.2 Radiation Fields of Given Electric and Magnetic Current Distributions / 289 9.3 Radiation Fields of Dipoles, Slots, and Loops / 292 9.4 Antenna Arrays with Equal and Unequal Spacings / 296 9.5 Radiation Fields from a Given Aperture Field Distribution / 301 9.6 Radiation from Microstrip Antennas / 305 9.7 Self- and Mutual Impedances of Wire Antennas with Given Current Distributions / 308 9.8 Current Distribution of a Wire Antenna / 313 Problems / 314 10 SCATTERING OF WAVES BY CONDUCTING AND DIELECTRIC OBJECTS 317 10.1 Cross Sections and Scattering Amplitude / 318 10.2 Radar Equations / 321 10.3 General Properties of Cross Sections / 322 10.4 Integral Representations of Scattering Amplitude and Absorption Cross Sections / 325 10.5 Rayleigh Scattering for a Spherical Object / 328 10.6 Rayleigh Scattering for a Small Ellipsoidal Object / 330 10.7 Rayleigh-Debye Scattering (Born Approximation) / 334 10.8 Elliptic Polarization and Stokes Parameters / 338 10.9 Partial Polarization and Natural Light / 341 10.10 Scattering Amplitude Functions f11, f12, f21, and f22 and the Stokes Matrix / 342 10.11 Acoustic Scattering / 344 10.12 Scattering Cross Section of a Conducting Body / 346 10.13 Physical Optics Approximation / 347 10.14 Moment Method: Computer Applications / 350 Problems / 354 11 WAVES IN CYLINDRICAL STRUCTURES, SPHERES, AND WEDGES 357 11.1 Plane Wave Incident on a Conducting Cylinder / 357 11.2 Plane Wave Incident on a Dielectric Cylinder / 361 11.3 Axial Dipole Near a Conducting Cylinder / 364 11.4 Radiation Field / 366 11.5 Saddle-Point Technique / 368 11.6 Radiation from a Dipole and Parseval's Theorem / 371 11.7 Large Cylinders and the Watson Transform / 373 11.8 Residue Series Representation and Creeping Waves / 376 11.9 Poisson's Sum Formula, Geometric Optical Region, and Fock Representation / 379 11.10 Mie Scattering by a Dielectric Sphere / 382 11.11 Axial Dipole in the Vicinity of a Conducting Wedge / 390 11.12 Line Source and Plane Wave Incident on a Wedge / 392 11.13 Half-Plane Excited by a Plane Wave / 394 Problems / 395 12 SCATTERING BY COMPLEX OBJECTS 401 12.1 Scalar Surface Integral Equations for Soft and Hard Surfaces / 402 12.2 Scalar Surface Integral Equations for a Penetrable Homogeneous Body / 404 12.3 EFIE and MFIE / 406 12.4 T-Matrix Method (Extended Boundary Condition Method) / 408 12.5 Symmetry and Unitarity of the T-Matrix and the Scattering Matrix / 414 12.6 T-Matrix Solution for Scattering from Periodic Sinusoidal Surfaces / 416 12.7 Volume Integral Equations for Inhomogeneous Bodies: TM Case / 418 12.8 Volume Integral Equations for Inhomogeneous Bodies: TE Case / 423 12.9 Three-Dimensional Dielectric Bodies / 426 12.10 Electromagnetic Aperture Integral Equations for a Conducting Screen / 427 12.11 Small Apertures / 430 12.12 Babinet's Principle and Slot and Wire Antennas / 433 12.13 Electromagnetic Diffraction by Slits and Ribbons / 439 12.14 Related Problems / 441 Problems / 441 13 GEOMETRIC THEORY OF DIFFRACTION AND LOW FREQUENCY TECHNIQUES 443 13.1 Geometric Theory of Diffraction / 444 13.2 Diffraction by a Slit for Dirichlet's Problem / 447 13.3 Diffraction by a Slit for Neumann's Problem and Slope Diffraction / 452 13.4 Uniform Geometric Theory of Diffraction for an Edge / 455 13.5 Edge Diffraction for a Point Source / 457 13.6 Wedge Diffraction for a Point Source / 461 13.7 Slope Diffraction and Grazing Incidence / 463 13.8 Curved Wedge / 463 13.9 Other High-Frequency Techniques / 465 13.10 Vertex and Surface Diffraction / 466 13.11 Low-Frequency Scattering / 467 Problems / 470 14 PLANAR LAYERS, STRIP LINES, PATCHES, AND APERTURES 473 14.1 Excitation of Waves in a Dielectric Slab / 473 14.2 Excitation of Waves in a Vertically Inhomogeneous Medium / 481 14.3 Strip Lines / 485 14.4 Waves Excited by Electric and Magnetic Currents Perpendicular to Dielectric Layers / 492 14.5 Waves Excited by Transverse Electric and Magnetic Currents in Dielectric Layers / 496 14.6 Strip Lines Embedded in Dielectric Layers / 500 14.7 Periodic Patches and Apertures Embedded in Dielectric Layers / 502 Problems / 506 15 RADIATION FROM A DIPOLE ON THE CONDUCTING EARTH 509 15.1 Sommerfeld Dipole Problem / 509 15.2 Vertical Electric Dipole Located Above the Earth / 510 15.3 Reflected Waves in Air / 514 15.4 Radiation Field: Saddle-Point Technique / 517 15.5 Field Along the Surface and the Singularities of the Integrand / 519 15.6 Sommerfeld Pole and Zenneck Wave / 521 15.7 Solution to the Sommerfeld Problem / 524 15.8 Lateral Waves: Branch Cut Integration / 528 15.9 Refracted Wave / 536 15.10 Radiation from a Horizontal Dipole / 538 15.11 Radiation in Layered Media / 541 15.12 Geometric Optical Representation / 545 15.13 Mode and Lateral Wave Representation / 549 Problems / 550 PART II APPLICATIONS 553 16 INVERSE SCATTERING 555 16.1 Radon Transform and Tomography / 555 16.2 Alternative Inverse Radon Transform in Terms of the Hilbert Transform / 559 16.3 Diffraction Tomography / 561 16.4 Physical Optics Inverse Scattering / 567 16.5 Holographic Inverse Source Problem / 570 16.6 Inverse Problems and Abel's Integral Equation Applied to Probing of the Ionosphere / 572 16.7 Radar Polarimetry and Radar Equation / 575 16.8 Optimization of Polarization / 578 16.9 Stokes Vector Radar Equation and Polarization Signature / 580 16.10 Measurement of Stokes Parameter / 582 Problems / 584 17 RADIOMETRY, NOISE TEMPERATURE, AND INTERFEROMETRY 587 17.1 Radiometry / 587 17.2 Brightness and Flux Density / 588 17.3 Blackbody Radiation and Antenna Temperature / 589 17.4 Equation of Radiative Transfer / 592 17.5 Scattering Cross Sections and Absorptivity and Emissivity of a Surface / 594 17.6 System Temperature / 598 17.7 Minimum Detectable Temperature / 600 17.8 Radar Range Equation / 601 17.9 Aperture Illumination and Brightness Distributions / 602 17.10 Two-Antenna Interferometer / 604 Problems / 607 18 STOCHASTIC WAVE THEORIES 611 18.1 Stochastic Wave Equations and Statistical Wave Theories / 612 18.2 Scattering in Troposphere, Ionosphere, and Atmospheric Optics / 612 18.3 Turbid Medium, Radiative Transfer, and Reciprocity / 612 18.4 Stochastic Sommerfeld Problem, Seismic Coda, and Subsurface Imaging / 613 18.5 Stochastic Green's Function and Stochastic Boundary Problems / 615 18.6 Channel Capacity of Communication Systems with Random Media Mutual Coherence Function / 619 18.7 Integration of Statistical Waves with Other Disciplines / 621 18.8 Some Accounts of Historical Development of Statistical Wave Theories / 622 19 GEOPHYSICAL REMOTE SENSING AND IMAGING 625 19.1 Polarimetric Radar / 626 19.2 Scattering Models for Geophysical Medium and Decomposition Theorem / 630 19.3 Polarimetric Weather Radar / 632 19.4 Nonspherical Raindrops and Differential Reflectivity / 634 19.5 Propagation Constant in Randomly Distributed Nonspherical Particles / 636 19.6 Vector Radiative Transfer Theory / 638 19.7 Space-Time Radiative Transfer / 639 19.8 Wigner Distribution Function and Specific Intensity / 641 19.9 Stokes Vector Emissivity from Passive Surface and Ocean Wind Directions / 644 19.10 Van Cittert-Zernike Theorem Applied to Aperture Synthesis Radiometers Including Antenna Temperature / 646 19.11 Ionospheric Effects on SAR Image / 650 20 BIOMEDICAL EM, OPTICS, AND ULTRASOUND 657 20.1 Bioelectromagnetics / 658 20.2 Bio-EM and Heat Diffusion in Tissues / 659 20.3 Bio-Optics, Optical Absorption and Scattering in Blood / 663 20.4 Optical Diffusion in Tissues / 666 20.5 Photon Density Waves / 670 20.6 Optical Coherence Tomography and Low Coherence Interferometry / 672 20.7 Ultrasound Scattering and Imaging of Tissues / 677 20.8 Ultrasound in Blood / 680 21 WAVES IN METAMATERIALS AND PLASMON 685 21.1 Refractive Index n and - Diagram / 686 21.2 Plane Waves, Energy Relations, and Group Velocity / 688 21.3 Split-Ring Resonators / 689 21.4 Generalized Constitutive Relations for Metamaterials / 692 21.5 Space-Time Wave Packet Incident on Dispersive Metamaterial and Negative Refraction / 697 21.6 Backward Lateral Waves and Backward Surface Waves / 701 21.7 Negative Goos-Hanchen Shift / 704 21.8 Perfect Lens, Subwavelength Focusing, and Evanescent Waves / 708 21.9 Brewster's Angle in NIM and Acoustic Brewster's Angle / 712 21.10 Transformation Electromagnetics and Invisible Cloak / 716 21.11 Surface Flattening Coordinate Transform / 720 22 TIME-REVERSAL IMAGING 723 22.1 Time-Reversal Mirror in Free Space / 724 22.2 Super Resolution of Time-Reversed Pulse in Multiple Scattering Medium / 729 22.3 Time-Reversal Imaging of Single and Multiple Targets and DORT (Decomposition of Time-Reversal Operator) / 731 22.4 Time-Reversal Imaging of Targets in Free Space / 735 22.5 Time-Reversal Imaging and SVD (Singular Value Decomposition) / 739 22.6 Time-Reversal Imaging with MUSIC (Multiple Signal Classification) / 739 22.7 Optimum Power Transfer by Time-Reversal Technique / 740 23 SCATTERING BY TURBULENCE, PARTICLES, DIFFUSE MEDIUM, AND ROUGH SURFACES 743 23.1 Scattering by Atmospheric and Ionospheric Turbulence / 743 23.2 Scattering Cross Section per Unit Volume of Turbulence / 746 23.3 Scattering for a Narrow Beam Case / 748 23.4 Scattering Cross Section Per Unit Volume of Rain and Fog / 750 23.5 Gaussian and Henyey-Greenstein Scattering Formulas / 751 23.6 Scattering Cross Section Per Unit Volume of Turbulence, Particles, and Biological Media / 752 23.7 Line-of-Sight Propagation, Born and Rytov Approximation / 753 23.8 Modified Rytov Solution with Power Conservation, and Mutual Coherence Function / 754 23.9 MCF for Line-of-Sight Wave Propagation in Turbulence / 756 23.10 Correlation Distance and Angular Spectrum / 759 23.11 Coherence Time and Spectral Broadening / 760 23.12 Pulse Propagation, Coherence Bandwidth, and Pulse Broadening / 761 23.13 Weak and Strong Fluctuations and Scintillation Index / 762 23.14 Rough Surface Scattering, Perturbation Solution, Transition Operator / 765 23.15 Scattering by Rough Interfaces Between Two Media / 771 23.16 Kirchhoff Approximation of Rough Surface Scattering / 774 23.17 Frequency and Angular Correlation of Scattered Waves from Rough Surfaces and Memory Effects / 779 24 COHERENCE IN MULTIPLE SCATTERING AND DIAGRAM METHOD 785 24.1 Enhanced Radar Cross Section in Turbulence / 786 24.2 Enhanced Backscattering from Rough Surfaces / 787 24.3 Enhanced Backscattering from Particles and Photon Localization / 789 24.4 Multiple Scattering Formulations, the Dyson and Bethe-Salpeter Equations / 791 24.5 First-Order Smoothing Approximation / 793 24.6 First- and Second-Order Scattering and Backscattering Enhancement / 794 24.7 Memory Effects / 795 25 SOLITONS AND OPTICAL FIBERS 797 25.1 History / 797 25.2 KDV (Korteweg-De Vries) Equation for Shallow Water / 799 25.3 Optical Solitons in Fibers / 802 26 POROUS MEDIA, PERMITTIVITY, FLUID PERMEABILITY OF SHALES AND SEISMIC CODA 807 26.1 Porous Medium and Shale, Superfracking / 808 26.2 Permittivity and Conductivity of Porous Media, Archie's Law, and Percolation and Fractal / 809 26.3 Fluid Permeability and Darcy's Law / 811 26.4 Seismic Coda, P-Wave, S-Wave, and Rayleigh Surface Wave / 812 26.5 Earthquake Magnitude Scales / 813 26.6 Waveform Envelope Broadening and Coda / 814 26.7 Coda in Heterogeneous Earth Excited by an Impulse Source / 815 26.8 S-wave Coda and Rayleigh Surface Wave / 819 APPENDICES 821 REFERENCES 913 INDEX 929
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