Durability Design of Concrete Structures

Preface ix Acknowledgments xv Part I DETERIORATION OF CONCRETE MATERIALS 1 1 Carbonation and Induced Steel Corrosion 3 1.1 Phenomena and Observations 3 1.2 Carbonation of Concrete 7 1.2.1 Mechanisms 7 1.2.2 Influential Factors 9 1.2.3 Models 12 1.3 Steel Corrosion by Carbonation 18 1.3.1 Mechanism 18 1.3.2 Influential Factors 21 1.3.3 Models 22 1.4 Basis for Design 25 1.4.1 Structural Consequence 25 1.4.2 Design Considerations 27 2 Chloride Ingress and Induced Steel Corrosion 29 2.1 Phenomena and Observations 29 2.2 Chloride Ingress 32 2.2.1 Mechanism 32 2.2.2 Influential Factors 34 2.2.3 Models 42 2.3 Steel Corrosion by Chloride Ingress 46 2.3.1 Mechanisms 46 2.3.2 Influential Factors 49 2.3.3 Models 51 2.4 Basis for Design 53 2.4.1 Structural Consequence 53 2.4.2 Design Considerations 54 3 Freeze Thaw Damage 56 3.1 Phenomena and Observations 56 3.2 Mechanisms and Influential Factors 57 3.2.1 Mechanisms 57 3.2.2 Influential Factors 64 3.3 Modeling for Engineering Use 71 3.3.1 Model FT-1: Critical Saturation Model 71 3.3.2 Model FT-2: Crystallization Stress Model 72 3.4 Basis for Design 76 3.4.1 Structural Consequence 76 3.4.2 Design Considerations 76 4 Leaching 78 4.1 Phenomena and Observations 78 4.2 Mechanisms and Influential Factors 80 4.2.1 Mechanisms 80 4.2.2 Influential Factors 83 4.3 Modeling for Engineering Use 85 4.3.1 Model L-1: CH Dissolution Model 85 4.3.2 Model L-2: CH + C ]S ]H Leaching Model 87 4.3.3 Further Analysis of Surface Conditions 92 4.4 Basis for Design 94 4.4.1 Structural Consequence 94 4.4.2 Design Considerations 94 5 Salt Crystallization 96 5.1 Phenomena and Observations 96 5.2 Mechanisms and Influential Factors 99 5.2.1 Mechanisms 99 5.2.2 Influential Factors 102 5.3 Modeling for Engineering Use 106 5.3.1 Model CT-1: Critical Supersaturation Model 106 5.3.2 Model CT-2: Crystallization Stress Model 107 5.4 Basis for Design 110 Part II FROM MATERIALS TO STRUCTURES 113 6 Deterioration in Structural Contexts 115 6.1 Loading and Cracking 115 6.1.1 Mechanical Loading 116 6.1.2 Effect of Cracks: Single Crack 118 6.1.3 Effect of Cracks: Multi ]cracks 128 6.2 Multi ]fields Problems 130 6.2.1 Thermal Field 132 6.2.2 Moisture Field 135 6.2.3 Multi ]field Problems 141 6.3 Drying Wetting Actions 144 6.3.1 Basis for Drying Wetting Actions 144 6.3.2 Drying Wetting Depth 147 6.3.3 Moisture Transport under Drying Wetting Actions 151 Part III DURABILITY DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES 155 7 Durability Design: Approaches and Methods 157 7.1 Fundamentals 157 7.1.1 Performance Deterioration 158 7.1.2 Durability Limit States 158 7.1.3 Service Life 161 7.2 Approaches and Methods 164 7.2.1 Objectives 164 7.2.2 Global Approaches 166 7.2.3 Model ]based Methods 168 7.3 Life Cycle Consideration 170 7.3.1 Fundamentals for Life ]cycle Engineering 171 7.3.2 Life ]cycle Cost Analysis 171 7.3.3 Maintenance Design 173 8 Durability Design: Properties and Indicators 183 8.1 Basic Properties for Durability 183 8.1.1 Chemical Properties 184 8.1.2 Microstructure and Related Properties 185 8.1.3 Transport Properties 187 8.1.4 Mechanical Properties 194 8.1.5 Fundamental Relationships 195 8.2 Characterization of Durability ]related Properties 198 8.2.1 Characterization of Chemical and Microstructural Properties 198 8.2.2 Characterization of Transport and Mechanical Properties 200 8.2.3 Durability Performance Tests 201 8.3 Durability Indicators for Design 205 8.3.1 Nature of Durability Indicators 205 8.3.2 Durability Indicators for Deterioration 206 8.3.3 Durability Indicators: State of the Art 208 9 Durability Design: Applications 210 9.1 Sea Link Project for 120 Years 210 9.1.1 Project Introduction 210 9.1.2 Durability Design: The Philosophy 213 9.1.3 Model ]based Design for Chloride Ingress 214 9.1.4 Quality Control for Design 219 9.2 High ]Integrity Container for 300 Years 220 9.2.1 High ]Integrity Container and Near ]Surface Disposal 220 9.2.2 Design Context 223 9.2.3 Design Models for Control Processes 226 9.2.4 Model ]based Design for 300 Years 227 9.3 Further Considerations for Long Service Life Design 232 10 Codes for Durability Design 234 10.1 Codes and Standards: State of the Art 234 10.1.1 Eurocode 234 10.1.2 ACI Code 235 10.1.3 JSCE Code 237 10.1.4 China Codes 239 10.2 GB/T 50476: Design Basis 240 10.2.1 Environmental Classification 241 10.2.2 Design Lives and Durability Limit States 242 10.2.3 Durability Prescriptions 243 10.3 GB/T 50476: Requirements for Durability 244 10.3.1 Atmospheric Environment 245 10.3.2 Freeze Thaw Environment 246 10.3.3 Marine and Deicing Salts Environments 249 10.3.4 Sulfate Environment 253 10.3.5 Post ]tensioned Prestressed Structures 255 References 259 Index 270

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